Pump is a machine that imparts energy to the

liquid.

Why Pumps are Required?

To move liquid from one point to another at same

or higher elevation (Main function).

To increase pressure of the liquid.

Pumps can be mainly divided into two main

categories:

Centrifugal Pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps.

This machine consists of an

IMPELLER rotating within a case
(diffuser)
Liquid directed into the
center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impellers vanes and
accelerated to a higher velocity
by the rotation of the impeller
and discharged by centrifugal
force into the case (diffuser).

 Single Stage Centrifugal Pump.

Multi Stage Centrifugal Pump.
Propeller Pump
Turbine Pump (Vertical
Multistage)

Foot mounted single stage overhung pumps shall be

designated pump type OH1.

Centerline-mounted single-stage overhung pumps

shall be designated pump type OH2. They have a
single bearing housing to absorb all forces imposed
upon the pump shaft and maintain rotor position
during operation. The pumps are mounted on a
baseplate and are flexibly coupled to their drivers.

Vertical in-line single-stage overhung pumps with

separate bearing brackets shall be designated
pump type OH3. They have a bearing housing
integral with the pump to absorb all rotor loads. The
driver is mounted on a support integral to the
pump. The pumps and their drivers are flexibly
coupled.

Rigidly-coupled vertical in-line single-stage

overhung pumps shall be designated pump type
OH4. Rigidly-coupled pumps have their shaft rigidly
coupled to the driver shaft.

Close-coupled vertical in-line single-stage overhung

pumps shall be designated pump type OH5. Closecoupled pumps have their impellers mounted
directly on the driver shaft.

High-speed integral gear-driven single-stage overhung pumps

shall be designated pump type OH6. These pumps have a
speed increasing gearbox integral with the pump. The impeller
is mounted directly to the gearbox output shaft. There is no
coupling between the gearbox and pump; however, the
gearbox is flexibly coupled to its driver. The pumps may be
oriented vertically or horizontally.

Axially-split one- and two-stage between-bearings

pumps shall be designated pump type BB1.

Radially-split one- and two-stage between-bearings

pumps shall be designated pump type BB2.

Axially-split multistage between-bearings pumps

shall be designated pump type BB3.

Single-casing radially-split multistage betweenbearings pumps shall be designated pump type BB4.
These pumps are also called ring-section pumps,
segmental-ring pumps or tie-rod pumps. These pumps
have a potential leakage path between each segment.

Double-casing radially-split multistage betweenbearings pumps shall be designated pump type

BB5.

Wet pit, verticallysuspended, single-casing

diffuser pumps with
discharge through the
column shall be
designated pump type
VS1.

Wet pit, verticallysuspended, singlecasing volute pumps

with discharge through
the column are
designated pump type
VS2.

Wet pit, verticallysuspended, singlecasing axial flow

pumps with discharge
through the column
are designated Type
VS3.

Vertically-suspended,
single-casing volute
line-shaft driven sump
pumps are designated
pump type VS4.

Vertically-suspended
cantilever sump pumps
are designated as pump
type VS5.

Double-casing diffuser
vertically-suspended
pumps shall be
designated pump type
VS6.

Double-casing volute
vertically-suspended
pumps shall be
designated pump type
VS7.

Depends upon

Impeller dia
No.of impellers
size of the impeller eye
shaft speed

Capacity: The flow rate with which liquid is moved or

pushed by the pump to the desired point in the process.

Head: is a measurement of the height of a liquid column

that the pump could create from the kinetic energy
imparted to the liquid.

Static Suction Head (Hs): Head resulting from elevation

of the liquid relative to the pump center line.

Static Discharge Head (Hd): It is the vertical distance in

feet between the pump centerline and the point of free
discharge or the surface of the liquid in the discharge tank.

27

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH): Net Positive Suction Head

(NPSH) is the total head at the suction flange of the pump less the
vapor pressure converted to fluid column height of the liquid.

Pump input or brake horsepower (BHP): is the actual

horsepower delivered to the pump shaft.

Pump output or water horsepower (WHP): is the liquid

horsepower delivered by the pump.

Pump Efficiency: The pump efficiency is the ratio of BHP and WHP.

Best Efficiency Point (BEP): is the capacity at maximum impeller

diameter at which the efficiency is highest.

Affinity Laws: are mathematical expressions that define changes in

pump capacity, head, and BHP when a change is made to pump
speed, impeller diameter, or both.

28

PROCEDURE FOR PUMPING SERVICE DESIGN

Flow rate required by the process.

Liquid properties critical to pump design: absolute density,
temperature, viscosity, pour point, etc. Values are required at
pumping conditions, and in some cases, at ambient conditions.
Suction conditions available - rated suction pressure, maximum
suction pressure, NPSH available.
Calculate the rated discharge pressure requirement of the pump.
Determine the design pressure and temperature required for the
pump and its associated piping.
Select pump type and driver type.
Select materials of construction.
Determine other installation requirements, such as control system
details, auto-start of stand-by pump, etc.
Select shaft seal type and determine requirements for external
flushing or sealing system.
Estimate utility requirements.
Document the design: Calculations, studies, and design
specification text, utility requirement estimate summary, etc.
29

Depends on
Head
Capacity

Head and pressure are interchangeable

terms provided that they are expressed in
their correct units.
The conversion of all pressure terms into
units of equivalent head simplifies most
pump calculations.

Head in feet = (pressure in psi x 2.31) /

specific gravity

If the suction pressure in a centrifugal pump falls

below the vapor pressure of the liquid , bubbles form
just before the inlet edge of the impeller vanes.
Because of the rapid increase in pressure within the
impeller, the bubbles then collapse. This phenomenon
is called cavitation. It can reduce pump efficiency and
cause noise, vibration, impeller wear and breakage.
To avoid cavitation, pump manufacturers require a
positive suction pressure called net positive suction
head, NPSH, NPSH is the pressure above vapor
pressure of the liquid being pumped, as measured at
the pump suction flange on a gauge at the pump
centerline.
NPSHR for a pump will increase with flow-rate, and
considerably increase with rotating speed of the
impeller.
To ensure reliable pump operation, NPSHa should
equal or exceed NPSHR.
33

Impeller
Vanes
Eye of the
Impeller
Water
Entrance

Diameter of
the Impeller

Thickness
of the impeller

Thicker the Impeller- More Water

Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
Increase the Speed - More Water and
Pressure

Direction of Flow

Twice the pressure

Same amount of water

Direction of Flow

Direction of Flow

Placing impellers in series increases the amount of

head produced
The head produced = # of impellers x head of one
impeller

A mapping or graphing of the pump's ability to

produce head and flow

The pump's flow rate is plotted on the

horizontal axis ( X axis)
Usually expressed in Gallons per Minute

Pump Flow Rate

Head

The head the pump produces is plotted

on the vertical axis (Y axis)
Usually express in Feet of Water or
Meter

Pump Flow Rate

Performance Curve

Head

Most pump
performance
curves slope from
left to right

Pump Flow Rate

Shut-off Head

Head

Shut-off Head is the maximum

pressure or head the pump can
produce
No flow is produced

Pump Flow Rate

Maximum Flow

Head

Maximum Flow is the

largest flow the pump can
produce
No Head is produced

Pump Flow Rate

System Performance Curve is a mapping of

the head required to produce flow in a given
system
A system includes all the pipe, fittings and
devices the fluid must flow through, and
represents the friction loss the fluid
experiences

The System's flow rate in plotted on the

horizontal axis ( X axis)
Usually expressed in Gallons per Minute

System Flow Rate

The head the system requires is plotted

on the vertical axis (Y axis)

Usually express in Feet of Water

Head

Pump Flow Rate

The friction loss is mapped onto the graph

The amount of friction loss varies with
flow through the system

Head

Friction Loss

Pump Flow Rate

Head

The point on the system curve that

intersects the pump curve is known as the
operating point.

Pump Flow Rate

Circulator 1

Circulator
2

Head

Circulator 3

Pump Flow Rate

Changing the amount for friction loss or "Throttling

the Pump" will change the pump's performance

Valve Barely Open

Valve Partially Open

Head

Valve Open

Pump Flow Rate

BEP as a measure of
optimum energy
conversion, when sizing
and selecting centrifugal
pumps for a given
application the pump
efficiency at design should
be taken into
consideration.
The B.E.P. is the area on
the curve where the
change of velocity energy
into pressure energy at a
given flow-rate is
optimum; in essence, the
point where the pump is
most efficient.
52

Size

SUCTION PIPING

Suction pipe is usually one or two sizes larger than that of the pump's
suction nozzle.
A suction pipe smaller than the pump's suction nozzle should never
be used.
Total suction-line losses can be estimated between 1 to 3 ft of liquid
head.

Recommended Velocity
For suction piping liquid velocities can be in the range of 2 to 8 ft/s;
for pumping viscous liquids, 0.5 to 4 ft/s.

Straight Run
A simplified and useful rule of thumb is to have about 1 ft of straight
run piping for each ft/s of liquid velocity in the suction line.
Most pump manufacturers recommend a straight run often diameters
of suction piping before the pump; five diameters is the absolute
minimum.

53

The suction of a
pump should be
fitted with an
eccentric reducer
positioned with
the flat side
uppermost.

Fittings
A critical part of suction piping design and performance is
the choice and orientation of such fittings as reducers,
tees and elbows.
The "stream-lines" of the flowing liquid are displaced and
develop both higher velocities and higher pressures than
had existed before the fluid entered the fitting.
Suction Head
A vortex is a swirling and funneling action in a liquid.
When this occurs in a liquid between the liquids surface
and the draw-off nozzle in a vessel, air or vapor can be
drawn into a pump.
A mechanical device known as a vortex breaker eliminates
the possibility of air or vapor entering the pump.
Suction Lift
When suction lift is required, the end of the suction line
usually has a foot valve and strainer to prevent liquid from
draining out of the pump and suction line when the pump
does not run.

56

INADEQUATE SUCTION CONDITION

Increase available (NPSH), we can:
Raise the liquid level.
Lower the pump.
Reduce the friction losses in the suction piping.
Use a booster pump.
Sub cool the liquid.
Reduce required (NPSH), we can use:
Slower speeds.
A larger impeller-eye area.
An oversize pump.
Inducers ahead of conventional impellers.
Several smaller pumps in parallel.

57

Construction of Foundation as per drawing

Leveling of Pump with Shims plates.
Grouting after chipping of foundation.
Alignment and Soft Footing (max. allowable 0.001

in)

Piping Alignment (max. allowable 0.001 in)

Hot Alignment of Pump.
Operation Sequence.

(close casing drains, gradually open suction valve, measure shut off
head)

Rule 1 : PROVIDE SUFFICIENT NPSH

Rule 2 : REDUCE THE FRICTION LOSSES
Rule 3 : NO ELBOWS ON THE SUCTION
FLANGE
Rule 4 : STOP AIR OR VAPOR ENTERING THE
SUCTION LINE
Rule 5 : CORRECT PIPING ALIGNMENT

Expansion Joints
Isolation Valves
Check Valves
Reducer
Elbow
Strainer
Foot Valve