Energy-Efficient Scheduling

and Bandwidth Energy

Efficiency Trade-Off with low
Load
Author:
Stefan Videv and Harald Haas
The university of Edinburgh
Publish on: IEEE ICC 2011

Introduction
Propose a method for energy efficient resource
allocation and an algorithm for trading bandwidth
for energy efficiency during low load periods
Use in LTE systems
Basic Idea: Score-based scheduling
Score-based principle: to make use of both a
relative and absolute energy efficiency metric

Previous Works
[1] trading transmission length for energy
efficiency.
[2] - Joint efficient resource allocation
- Power control that minimize interference and
maximize
system capacity

[3] Trade-off between:

Throughput, delay, Network Capacity, Energy
efficiency.

[4] Power-bandwidth trade-off in dense multiantenna relay networks.

[6] Interference avoidance
[8] sleep mode
[9] Cutting down on control signaling during low
traffic periods.

Bandwidth Trade-off
Principle

General Scenario:
1. A user can expand his bandwidth footprint by
using factor of lookup table
2. Choose: Modulation scheme, SINR target, Other
link parameters

Theoritical Treatment(1/4)
The
Potential energy saving gains:
Based on Shannon Capacity
C)
(1)
B : Channel Bandwidth
S : total received signal power over the bandwidth
N : Noise power
I : Interference power
C: Capacity

Theoritical Treatment(2/4)
2. In LTE systems, bandwidth is partitioned into RBs.

(2)
Ci : capacity of the RB with index i
Bi : Bandwidth of a RB
Ti : Transmission Power
Gkj : path gain between tx k and rx j
No : Noise power density
Ii : interference power received in RB i

Theoritical Treatment(3/4)
Ideally, the achieved SINR at RBi is greater than
SINR target , i:

to reduce an this inequality to equality in order to ensure

energy efficiency and correct transmission.

Theoritical Treatment(4/4)
Scenario:
1. Calculate BEM SINR target,From the regular SINR
Target i.

overall transmission rate after more RBs are

allocated:

2. Assume Ai (Ai = (N0Bi + Ii)/Gkj) is a constant.

Calculate the minumum transmission power.
3. Calculate Gain in energy

Theoritical Gain for BEM

Transmission

Favorable Conditions
Find the beneficial time for a user to expand its bandwidth:

n: total number of RB per user in normal mode

BEM requires a scheduler, before allowing MSs to enter BEM

Rules:
1. RBs that are expensive (for expanded energy) are
prohibited)
2. Choose RB with the best channel.
3. Lower RB score more likely to be allocated.
4. Use penalty function (for fairness & control resource
distribution).
Solution : Use energy efficiency score-based scheduling

Score-based Scheduling
Score-based scheduling principle:
Use an energy efficiency metric
Tailoring the allocation sequence & conflict
regulation

Allocation using a score-based scheduler, relies

one:
Channel gains
Interference characteristics
Energy metric
Goal : To find the most energy-efficient RBs to transmit

Simulation
Simulation:
System uses round robin scheduling compared to 2
proposed systems :
EESBS (Energy Efficiency Score Based Scheduling)
EESBS couple with BEM.

Scenario (1/)

Scenario (1/3)
1. System : cellular
2. Deployment : a central cell with 2 tiered wraparound.
3. Only central cell is considered.
4. Channel model : LTE urban micro-cell (Umi)

d : distance

between transmitter n receiver

: Carrier frequency (Mhz)
: elevation of the BS antenna
: elevation of the user terminal antenna

Scenario (2/3)
5. The probability of line of sight (LOS) is given by:

Pr LOS = min(18/d, 1)(1 exp(d/36)) +

exp(d/36)
6. Power control algorithm : Foschini(t-1): the achieved SINR at the previous time
Miljanic simple

7. Result are obtained in the steady state the

transmission
power vector is given a sufficient
number of power control loop iterations to
converge.
8. All users use the same two modulation schemes:
Normal mode
Bandwidth Expansion Mode (BEM)

Scenario (3/3)
9. Each user is assumed to require a set number of
frequency resource block in normal, benchmark,
mode.
10. The author would like to preserve the
transmission rate that was incident before the
allocation of additional RBs in BEM.

11. To evaluate the performance of the three

systems, use 2 parameters :
Energy consumption gain (ECG)
Data rate

Conclusion
The proposed scheduler and energy efficient
bandwidth expansion technique achieve
significant energy savings > 93%
On average, about 44% of the expended energy is
saved
The technique promises very significant energy
savings when light overnight load factors are
present.