Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
Describe the basic concept of an oscillator
Discuss the basic principles of operation
of an oscillator
Analyze the operation of RC and LC
oscillators
Describe the operation of the basic
relaxation oscillator circuits
Introduction
Oscillator is an electronic circuit that
generates a periodic waveform on its
output without an external signal source. It
is used to convert dc to ac.
Oscillators are circuits that produce a
continuous signal of some type without the
need of an input.
These signals serve a variety of purposes.
Communications systems, digital systems
(including computers), and test equipment
make use of oscillators
Introduction
An oscillator is a circuit that produces a repetitive
signal from a dc voltage.
The feedback oscillator relies on a positive
feedback of the output to maintain the
oscillations.
The relaxation oscillator makes use of an RC
timing circuit to generate a nonsinusoidal
Sinesignal
wave
such as square wave
Square
wave
Sawtooth
wave
Types of oscillators
1. RC oscillators
Wien Bridge
Phase-Shift
2. LC oscillators
Hartley
Colpitts
Crystal
Ve Vs V f (1)
V f Vo (2)
(3)
Vo AVe
AVs V f AVs Vo
Vo AV s A Vo
1 A Vo AV s
Vo
A
Af
Vs 1 A
Vo
A s
Af s s
Vs
1 A s s
A s s is known as loop gain
s gain becomes;
A sloop
WritingT s the
A s
Af s
1 T s
Replacing s with j
A j
A f j
1 T j
and T
j A j j
T j0 A j0 j0 1
At this frequency, the closed loop gain;
A j0
A f j0
1 A j0 j0
will be infinite, i.e. the circuit will have
finite output for zero input signal oscillation
A j0 j0 1
This is known as Barkhausen criterion.
The frequency of oscillation is solely
determined by the phase characteristic of
the feedback loop the loop oscillates at
the frequency for which the phase is zero.
RC Oscillators
RC feedback oscillators are generally
limited to frequencies of 1 MHz or less.
The types of RC oscillators that we will
discuss are the Wien-bridge and the
phase-shift
Wien-bridge Oscillator
It is a low frequency oscillator which
ranges from a few kHz to 1 MHz.
Wien-bridge Oscillator
The loop gain for the oscillator is;
R2
T s A s s 1
R1
where;
R
Zp
1 sRC
and;
1 sRC
Zs
sC
Zp
Z Z
s
p
Wien-bridge Oscillator
Hence;
R2
T s 1
R1
Substituting for s;
R2
T j 1
R1
1
3 sRC 1 /sRC
1
3 jRC 1/jRC
R2
T j0 1
R1
3 j0 RC 1/j0 RC
Wien-bridge Oscillator
Since at the frequency of oscillation, T(j)
must be real (for zero phase condition),
the imaginary component must be zero;
1
j0 RC
0
j0 RC
Which gives us;
1
0
RC
Wien-bridge Oscillator
From the previous equation;
R2
T j0 1
R1
3 j0 RC 1/j0 RC
R2
1 1
R1
1
3
or
R2
2
R1
Wien-bridge Oscillator
With the ratio;
R
R1
then;
R2
K 1
3
R1
Phase-Shift Oscillator
The phase shift oscillator utilizes three
RC circuits to provide 180 phase
shift that when coupled with the 180 of
the op-amp itself provides the necessary
feedback to sustain oscillations.
The gain must be at least 29 to
maintain the oscillations.
The frequency of resonance for the this
type is similar to any RC circuit oscillator:
1
fr
2 6 RC
Phase-Shift Oscillator
vi
C
v1
v2
v2
v1
R
sRC
v1
vi
1 sRC
sRC
v2
vi
1 sRC
R2
v3
vo
vo R2
A( s )
v
R
3
3
sRC
v3
vi
1 sRC
v3
sRC
(s)
vi
1 sRC
Phase-Shift Oscillator
Loop gain, T(s):
R2
T ( s ) A( s ) ( s )
sRC
1 sRC
Set s=jw
R2
T ( j )
jRC
1 jRC
( jRC )(RC )
R2
T ( j )
2 2 2
2 2 2
R 1 3 R C jRC 3 R C
2
Phase-Shift Oscillator
To satisfy condition T(jwo)=1, real
component must be zero since the
2 2 2 imaginary.
numerator
1 3ispurely
R C 0
1
0
the oscillation frequency:
3RC
( j / 3 )(1 / 3)
o Rin2 equation:
Apply
w
T ( j )
R2 1
R 0 ( j / 3 ) 3 (1 / 3)
R 8
Phase-Shift Oscillator
1
fo
2 6 RC
R2
29
R
LC Oscillators
Use transistors and LC tuned circuits or
crystals in their feedback network.
For hundreds of kHz to hundreds of MHz
frequency range.
Examine Colpitts, Hartley and crystal
oscillator.
Colpitts Oscillator
The Colpitts oscillator is a
type of oscillator that uses an
LC circuit in the feed-back
loop.
The feedback network is
made up of a pair of tapped
capacitors (C1 and C2) and an
inductor L to produce a
feedback necessary for
oscillations.
The output voltage is
developed across C1.
The feedback voltage is
developed across C2.
Colpitts Oscillator
KCL at the output node:
Vo Vo
Vo
g mVgs
0
1
1
R
sL
sC1
sC2
- Eq
(1)
voltage divider
produces:
1
sC2
Vo
1
- Eq
sC sL
(2)
2
Vgs
1
2
eq(1):
Vo g m sC2 1 s LC 2
sC1 0
Colpitts Oscillator
Assume that oscillation has started, then
2
Vo0
s
LC2
1
3
s LC1C2
s C1 C2 g m 0
R
R
Let s=j
1 2 LC2
g m
j C1 C2 2 LC1C2 0
R
R
Colpitts Oscillator
both real & imaginary component must be
zero
2
LC2
1
Imaginary component:
- Eq
gm
R
R (4)
Combining Eq(3)
C2 and Eq(4):
gm R
C1
to initiate oscillations Cspontaneously:
g m R
C1
Hartley Oscillator
The Hartley
oscillator is almost
identical to the
Colpitts oscillator.
The primary
difference is that the
feedback network of
the Hartley oscillator
uses tapped
inductors (L1 and L2)
and a single
capacitor C.
C
Hartley Oscillator
the analysis of Hartley oscillator is
identical to that Colpitts oscillator.
the frequency of oscillation:
1
o
L1 L2 C
Crystal Oscillator
Most communications and digital applications
require the use of oscillators with extremely
stable output.
output Crystal oscillators are invented to
overcome the output fluctuation experienced by
conventional oscillators.
Crystals used in electronic applications consist of
a quartz wafer held between two metal plates
and housed in a a package as shown in Fig. 9 (a)
and (b).
Crystal Oscillator
Piezoelectric Effect
Crystal Oscillator
Characteristic of Quartz
Crystal
CM
Crystal Oscillator
The crystal is connected as a series
element in the feedback path from
collector to the base so that it is excited in
the series-resonance mode
BJT
FET
Crystal Oscillator
Since, in series resonance, crystal impedance is the
smallest that causes the crystal provides the largest
positive feedback.
Resistors R1, R2, and RE provide a voltage-divider
stabilized dc bias circuit. Capacitor C E provides ac bypass
of the emitter resistor, RE to avoid degeneration.
The RFC coil provides dc collector load and also prevents
any ac signal from entering the dc supply.
The coupling capacitor CC has negligible reactance at
circuit operating frequency but blocks any dc flow
between collector and base.
The oscillation frequency equals the series-resonance
1 by:
frequency of the crystal and
is
given
f
o
2 LCC
Unijunction Oscillator
The unijunction
transistor can be used in
what is called a
relaxation oscillator as
shown by basic circuit as
follow.
The unijunction oscillator
provides a pulse signal
suitable for digital-circuit
applications.
Resistor RT and capacitor
CT are the timing
components that set the
circuit oscillating rate
UJT
Unijunction Oscillator
Sawtooth wave
appears at the
emitter of the
transistor.
This wave shows
the gradual
increase of
capacitor voltage
Unijunction Oscillator
The oscillating frequency is calculated as
follows:
1
fo
RT CT ln1 / 1