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TYPES OF FOUNDATION
a) Shallow Foundation System
i) Spread Foundation
ii) Mat / Raft Foundation
b) Deep Foundation System
i) Pile iii) Diaphragham wall
ii) Pile walls iv) Caissons
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Advantages
a)
b)
c)
d)
Cost (affordable)
Construction Procedure (simple)]
Material (mostly concrete)
Labour (doesnt need expertise)
SPREAD FOUNDATION
PAD FOUNDATION
e) Combined Footings
- support more than one column
- useful when columns are located too close
together for each to have its own footing
RAFT FOUNDATION
A foundation system in which essentially the
entire building is placed on a large continuous
footing.
It is a flat concrete slab, heavily reinforced
with steel, which carries the downward loads
of the individual columns or walls.
Raft foundations are used to spread the load
from a structure over a large area, normally
the entire area of the structure.
MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION
DEEP FOUNDATION
Extend several dozen feet below the
building
a) Piles
b) Piers
c) Caissons
d) Compensated Foundation
PILES?????
A slender, structural member
consisting steel or concrete or timber.
It is installed in the ground to transfer
the structural loads to soils at some
significant depth below the base of the
structure.
PILES
There 2 type of End Bearing Piles That is Preformed Timber Pile & In-Site-Reinforced Concrete Pile
TYPES OF PILES
a) Concrete Piles
i) Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles
ii) Precast Concrete Piles
iii) Drilled Shafts
b) Steel Piles
I) H-Piles ii) Cylindrical iii) Tapered
c) Timber Piles
d) Composite Piles
STEEL PILES
i. It comes in various shapes & sizes
ii. Steel H-Piles are rolled steel sections
iii. Steel pipe piles are seamless pipes that can
be welded to yield lengths up to 70m.
iv. They are usually driven with open ends into
the soil.
v. A conical tip is used where the piles have to
penetrate boulders & rocks.
vi. However it needs to be treated before
embedded in corrosive environment.
TIMBER PILES
i. Have been used since ancient times
ii. Length of timber piles depends on types of
trees used to harvest the piles,
iii. Common length are 12m
iv. It is susceptible to termites, marine
organisms and rot within zones exposed to
seasonal changes.
v. Eventhough its cheaper but it has low
capacity and cant take hard driving.
Displacement Pile
METHOD OF INSTALLATION
a) Dropping Weight or Drop Hammers
- commonly used method of insertion of
displacement piles
b) Diesel Hammers
- Most suitable to drive pile in non cohesive
granular soil
c) Vibratory Hammers or vibratory method of
pile driving
- very effective in driving piles through non
cohesive granular soil
c) Jacking Method Of Insertion
Diesel Hammer
Rapid controlled explosions can be produced by the
diesel hammer.
The explosions raise a ram which is used to drive the
pile into the ground.
Although the ram is smaller than the weight used in
the drop hammer the increased frequency of the
blows can make up for this inefficiency.
This type of hammer is most suitable for driving
piles through non-cohesive granular soils where the
majority of the resistance is from end bearing.
PIERS
Its a vertical bridge support.
Its a foundation for carrying a heavy
structural load which is constructed in site
in a deep excavation.
Pier
Pier
Pier
Ramp Is Installed
Ramp Is Bolted
Floor Decking
Installation
Completed Pier
CAISSON FOUNDATION
WHAT IS CAISSONS?
Its a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.
It is sunk into the ground to some desired
depth and then filled with concrete thus
forming a foundation.
Most often used in the construction of bridge
piers & other structures that require foundation
beneath rivers & other bodies of water.
This is because caissons can be floated to the
job site and sunk into place.
Caissons
TYPES OF CAISSONS
Box Caissons
Excavated Caissons
Floating Caissons
Open Caissons
Pneumatic Caissons
Sheeted Caissons
Caissons
THE END