Differential & Integral

Calculus
Kristina S. Camsol
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Calculus Latin calx stone, and Greek chalis limestone

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz & Isaac Newton considered as the
founders of todays calculus.

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Limit Theorems

1.

If exists, then it is unique.

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Limit Theorems

9.

10. If f(x) is a polynomial function,

11.
12. If f(x) h(x) g(x), and if

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Limit Theorems

If f(x) is a polynomial, and , then the limit exists at L.

But if , then the limit does not exist.

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Let h be defined by

h(x) =
The limit if h(x) exists at 3.

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h(x)=4x2
h(x)=2+
x2

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Let f(x) be defined by

The limit does not exist.

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Special Limits

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LHpitals Rule
If f(x) and g(x) are two functionssuch that
and
Then has the indeterminate form 0/0 at a.
LHpitals Rules states that

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LHpitals Rule
Let f(x) be defined by sinx and g(x)
be x.
f(x) = cosx and g(x) = 1.

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LHpitals Rule
Let f(x) be defined by x2-1 and g(x)
be x2+3x-4.
f(1)= 12-1 = 0
g(1)= 12+3(1)-4 = 0

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LHpitals Rule
f(x) = x2-1
f(x)=2x
g(x) = x2+3x-4
g(x)=2x+3

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Derivatives
A derivative of a function expresses its rate of change
A. Algebraic Functions

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Derivatives
B. Exponential Functions
9.

10.

C. Logarithmic Functions
11.
12.
13.
D. Trigonometric Functions

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

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Maxima & Minima

First
Derivative

Second
Derivative

Behavior

Maximum
Point

Negative

Concave
Downward

Minimum
Point

Positive

Concave
Upward

Point of
Inflection

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Maxima & Minima

Find two nonnegative numbers whose sum is 12 such that their
product is an absolute maximum.
Soln:
Let x and y be the two nonnegative numbers
x+y=12
f(x)=xy
f(x)=x(12-x)
f(x)=12-2x
Let f(x)=0
12-2x=0
x=6

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Maxima & Minima

Find the area of the largest rectangle having two vertices on the x-axis and two
vertices on or above the x-axis and on the parabola y = 9 x 2.
Soln:
A = 2xy
y = 9 x2
A = f(x) = 2x(9 x2)
f(x) = 18x 2x3
f(x) = 18 6x2
f(x) = 0
6x2 = 18
x = 1.732
A = 2(x)(9 x2)
A = 2(1.732)(9 1.7322)
A = 20.785

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Implicit Differentiation
x +y =9
2

2xdx + 2ydy = 0
2ydy = -2xdx

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Implicit Differentiation
Find the first derivative of x3 + y3 = 8xy.

x3 + y3 = 8xy
3x2dx + 3y2dy = 8[xdy+ydx]
3x2dx + 3y2dy = 8xdy + 8ydx
3y2dx 8xdy = 8ydx 3x2dx
(3y2 8x)dy = (8y 3y2)dx

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Related Rates
An airplane is flying parallel to the ground at an altitude of 2 km and at a speed
of 4.5 km/min. If the plane flies directly over the Statue of Liberty, at what rate
is the line-of-sight distance between the plane and the statue changing 20 sec
later?
Soln:
use Pythagorean theorem
c2=a2+b2
a=2
b = (4.5 km/min)(1 min/60 s)(20 s)
= 1.5 km
c = 2.5

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Related Rates
From Pythagorean theorem,
c2 = a 2 + b 2
The first derivative would be

Using the first derivative of the theorem

(2.5)

= (2)(0) + (1.5)(4.5)

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Related Rates
A ladder is 25 ft long and leaning against a vertical wall. The bottom of the
ladder is pulled horizontally away from the wall at 3 ft/s. We wish to determine
how fast the top of the ladder is sliding down the wall when the bottom is 15 ft
from the wall.
Soln:
From Pythagorean theorem,
c = 25, b = 15
a = 20
(25)(0) = (20)(+(15)(3)

The negative sign denotes the direction to which the top of the ladder is sliding.

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Additional Applications
If a closed tin can of volume 60 in3 is to be in the form of a right circular
cylinder, find the base radius of the can if the least amount of tin is to be used in
its manufacture.
Soln:
SA = 2rh + 2r2
V = r2h = 60

S(r) =
S(r) =
S(r) =
S(r) = 0

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Integration
A. Basic Integrals

B. Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
By parts

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Integration
Integration by parts

Let u = f(x) , v = g(x)

du = f(x), dv = g(x)
Example:

u = lnx, dv = xdx
du = , v =

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Integration
Integration by other substitution techniques

Let z = , z2 = x2 + 4, 2zdz = 2xdx

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Application of Integrals
Area

Vertical strip

Centroid

Volume

Horizontal strip

Polar coordinates

Work

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Area
Example:
y2 = 2x 2 & y = x 5
Let f(x) = (2x-2)1/2
g(x) = x 5
Point/s of intersection

A2

Square both sides

2x 2 = x2 10x + 25
x2 12x + 27 = 0
x1 = 3 x 2 = 9
y1 = - 2 y 2 = 4

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Area

A2

A = A1 + A2 =
A = 18

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Area

Using horizontal strip

f(y) = (y2 + 2)
g(y) = y + 5
Using the limits from the previous
solution:
A = 18

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Centroid

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Centroid
Find the centroid of the first quadrant region bounded by the curve y 2 = 4x, the x
axis, and the lines x = 1 and x = 4.

A=

Centroid =

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Centroid
2. Find the centroid of the region bounded by the curves y = x 2 and y = 2x+3.

A=

Centroid =

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Volume
Volume of a Solid

Volume of a disk

Volume of a Washer

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Volume
Volume of a Solid

Example: Find the volume of

A(x) = r2

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Volume
Volume of a disk

Determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by
y = x2-4x+5, x=1, x=4, and the x axis
about the x axis.

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Volume
Volume of a washer

Determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the portion of the region
bounded by y3 = x and y = about the y axis.
Soln:
f(y) = 4y
g(y) = y3
V=

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Work

A particle is moving along the x axis under the action of a force of f(x) pounds when the
particle is x feet from the origin. If f(x) = x2 + 4, find the work done as the particle moves
from the point x = 2 to the point x = 4.

W = 26

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Work
Hookes Law states that if a spring is stretched x units beyond its natural length, but
within its elastic limit, it is pulled back with a force of kx units, where k is a
constant dependent on the material and size of the spring.

A spring has a natural length of 14 cm. If a force of 500 dynes is required to keep
the spring stretched 2 cm, how much work is done in stretching the spring from its
natural length to a length of 18 cm?
By Hookes Law,
f(x) = kx
f(2) = 500
500 = k(2) W = 2000
k = 250

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Multiple Integrals

Evaluate if R is the region consisting of all points (x,y) for which -1 x 2

and 1 y 3.

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Multiple Integrals

Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the cone z = r and the
cylinder r = 3sin.
z = f(r,) = r

V=6

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Multiple Integrals
Moment of Inertia

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End of Discussion

Thank You!

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