Design Factors

The design factor, fd, defines the geometric link

between the crank and connecting rod, and is
obtained by the trigonometric analysis of the
crank-and connecting rod linkage mechanism
triangular geometry.

(r/L) < 1, crank motion is rotating; for (r/L) >1

crank motion is oscillatory
n=3.5
n=2.75
n=4

Rod angularity
max sin

r sin

max
n=3.5; 15(deg)
n=2.75; 21.3(deg)
n=4; 11.5(deg)

Frame displacement
S=140mm
(l/r>3)

sin 2
s r 1 cos

2n

(l/r<3)

1
2

r
s r 1 cos l 1 1 sin 2
l

Frame displacement

Slope of curve vary for different n value but they

attain the same stroke of 140mm

Frame Velocity.
The corresponding frame velocity obtained from
the first derivative of frame displacement with
respect to time .

(l/r<3)

r
v r sin 1
l

cos

2
sin
l

(l/r>3)

r
v r sin 1 cos
l

n=3.5;max 906.069mm/sec and

mini (-905.8552mm/sec) at 79.14 and 280.61
n=4; max 896.491mm/sec and
mini (-896.491mm/sec) at 79.14and 280.61
n=2.75; max 936.155mm/sec and
mini(-936.15mm/sec) at 71.95 and 287.81

Frame Velocity

Frame acceleration

Cos term would be the only one if the slider had

simple harmonic motion. The remaining terms are
due to the use of a finite length connecting rod
and the Cos2 terms are the second harmonic, the
Cos4 term is the fourth etc.

r 1
a r cos
l 4

l/r>3
l/r<3

r
15

l
128

r
..... cos 2
l

1

4

r
3

l
16

9
r
..... cos 4

128

r
af r 2 cos cos 2
l

r l sin r l cos 2

af r 2 cos

3
2

1 r l sin 2 2

.....
cos
6

.....

n=3.5;
max 13849.1331mm/ and mini

(-8229.1943mm/) at 0 and 179.879

n=4; max 13246.996mm/ and mini
(-8831.325mm/)at 0 and 179.879
n=2.75;max 15053.40mm/ and mini
(-7675.848mm/)at 0 and 136.8 &230.24

acceleration of frame compared to exist model is

decreased by 13.6% and that reduce the inertia
force acting on the frame

Frame acceleration

side frame thrust

F 43 x m 4 mB af tan

n=3.5; max 23.826N and mini (-23.825N)at

63.35 and 291.4
n=4; max 14.217N and mini (-14.215N)at
71.95 and 291.4
n=2.75; max 25.94N and mini (-25.939N)at
68.35 and 291.4

Side thrust

S.NO

Crank angle(deg)

Force-FX(N)

Force-FZ(N)

SForce-FX(N)

SForce-FZ(N)

LForce-FX(N)

LForce-FZ(N)

0.00

-2.39E-06

1.19E+01

-7.19E-14

4.20E+00

-2.49E-14

2.51E+00

Net Force-FX(N)
-2.25E-06

8.99

5.20E+00

1.18E+01

5.71E+00

4.08E+00

3.03E+00

2.31E+00

2.53E+00

17.99

1.01E+01

1.16E+01

1.11E+01

3.81E+00

5.90E+00

1.95E+00

4.83E+00

26.98

1.45E+01

1.12E+01

1.60E+01

3.37E+00

8.47E+00

1.40E+00

6.67E+00

35.98

1.82E+01

1.07E+01

2.00E+01

2.75E+00

1.06E+01

6.40E-01

7.88E+00

44.97

2.09E+01

9.94E+00

2.30E+01

1.93E+00

1.23E+01

-4.05E-01

8.33E+00

53.96

2.28E+01

9.07E+00

2.49E+01

8.89E-01

1.34E+01

-1.86E+00

7.97E+00

62.96

2.37E+01

8.07E+00

2.58E+01

-3.96E-01

1.41E+01

-4.04E+00

6.81E+00

71.95

2.38E+01

7.00E+00

2.58E+01

-1.96E+00

1.42E+01

-7.84E+00

4.97E+00

10

80.95

2.32E+01

5.95E+00

2.51E+01

-3.83E+00

1.40E+01

-1.78E+01

2.63E+00

11

89.94

2.21E+01

5.14E+00

2.39E+01

-6.04E+00

1.34E+01

-2.75E+03

1.78E-02

12

98.93

2.06E+01

5.18E+00

2.24E+01

-8.58E+00

1.25E+01

1.72E+01

-2.60E+00

13

107.93

1.88E+01

8.93E+00

2.07E+01

-1.14E+01

1.15E+01

7.76E+00

-4.95E+00

14

116.92

1.69E+01

1.74E+02

1.88E+01

-1.43E+01

1.04E+01

1.49E+00

-6.79E+00

15

125.92

1.48E+01

-2.18E+01

1.68E+01

-1.71E+01

9.10E+00

-8.18E-01

-7.96E+00

16

134.91

1.26E+01

-1.65E+01

1.45E+01

-1.95E+01

7.75E+00

-2.80E+00

-8.33E+00

17

143.90

1.03E+01

-1.61E+01

1.20E+01

-2.10E+01

6.32E+00

-4.45E+00

-7.89E+00

18

152.90

7.87E+00

-1.65E+01

9.24E+00

-2.16E+01

4.82E+00

-5.80E+00

-6.69E+00

19

161.89

5.33E+00

-1.71E+01

6.30E+00

-2.12E+01

3.26E+00

-6.85E+00

-4.86E+00

20

170.89

2.70E+00

-1.74E+01

3.21E+00

-2.03E+01

1.65E+00

-7.60E+00

-2.56E+00

21

179.88

3.58E-02

-1.73E+01

4.26E-02

-1.96E+01

2.19E-02

-8.01E+00

-3.45E-02

22

188.87

-2.63E+00

-1.69E+01

-3.12E+00

-1.90E+01

-1.61E+00

-8.08E+00

2.50E+00

23

197.87

-5.26E+00

-1.60E+01

-6.22E+00

-1.84E+01

-3.21E+00

-7.81E+00

4.80E+00

24

206.86

-7.81E+00

-1.47E+01

-9.17E+00

-1.75E+01

-4.78E+00

-7.20E+00

6.65E+00

25

215.86

-1.03E+01

-1.31E+01

-1.19E+01

-1.62E+01

-6.28E+00

-6.26E+00

7.87E+00

26

224.85

-1.26E+01

-1.12E+01

-1.44E+01

-1.44E+01

-7.71E+00

-5.00E+00

8.33E+00

27

233.84

-1.48E+01

-9.17E+00

-1.67E+01

-1.24E+01

-9.07E+00

-3.36E+00

7.98E+00

28

242.84

-1.68E+01

-7.00E+00

-1.88E+01

-1.01E+01

-1.03E+01

-1.13E+00

6.83E+00

29

251.83

-1.88E+01

-4.82E+00

-2.07E+01

-7.90E+00

-1.15E+01

2.47E+00

5.00E+00

30

260.83

-2.05E+01

-2.71E+00

-2.24E+01

-5.76E+00

-1.25E+01

1.16E+01

2.66E+00

31

269.82

-2.20E+01

-7.98E-01

-2.39E+01

-3.81E+00

-1.34E+01

9.10E+02

5.34E-02

32

278.81

-2.32E+01

7.00E-01

-2.51E+01

-2.09E+00

-1.39E+01

-2.98E+01

-2.56E+00

33

287.81

-2.38E+01

1.37E-01

-2.58E+01

-6.21E-01

-1.42E+01

-1.37E+02

-4.92E+00

34

296.80

-2.37E+01

9.97E+00

-2.59E+01

6.18E-01

-1.41E+01

6.57E+00

-6.77E+00

35

305.80

-2.28E+01

8.43E+00

-2.50E+01

1.64E+00

-1.35E+01

2.53E+00

-7.94E+00

36

314.79

-2.10E+01

9.15E+00

-2.30E+01

2.48E+00

-1.23E+01

2.06E+00

-8.33E+00

37

323.78

-1.82E+01

9.99E+00

-2.01E+01

3.13E+00

-1.07E+01

2.16E+00

-7.90E+00

38

332.78

-1.46E+01

1.07E+01

-1.61E+01

3.63E+00

-8.53E+00

2.36E+00

-6.71E+00

39

341.77

-1.02E+01

1.13E+01

-1.13E+01

3.97E+00

-5.97E+00

2.52E+00

-4.88E+00

40

350.77

-5.34E+00

1.17E+01

-5.86E+00

4.16E+00

-3.11E+00

2.58E+00

-2.60E+00

41

359.76

-1.41E-01

1.19E+01

-1.54E-01

4.20E+00

-8.18E-02

2.52E+00

-6.89E-02

Frame side thrust depends on tan of rod

angularity and it reduces 42.5% for n=4 and 8%
for n=3.5
This for is not required.

Shed force
m4=12.23kg
mB=1.33kg

F 43 x m 4 mB af tan
F 43 y m 4 af
F 43 F 43 x F 43 y

=12.55rad/sec

F 43 y m 4 af

r
af r cos cos 2
l

l/r>3

r l sin r l cos 2

af r 2 cos

3
2

1 r l sin 2 2

l/r<3

Primary force m 4r 2 cos

r
cos 2
l

Secondary force

m 4r 2

Primary force

m 4r 2 cos

Secondary force

m 4r

r l 3 sin 4 r l cos 2

1 r l

sin
2

3
2

n=3.5; max 26.61N and mini (-49.24N) at

187.07 and 0
n=4; max 26.07N and mini (-48.62N)at 187.07
and 0
n=2.75; max 27.18N and mini (-50.47N)at
129.51 & 230.24 and 0

Shed force

Total
force acting on frame n=3.5
Ftotal=F1+F2+F3+F4
-53.232=-106.46N at 179.9
-98.482=-196.9N at 0

Total force acting on frame n=4

Ftotal=F1+F2+F3+F4
-51.92=-103.98N at 179.8
-97.252=-194.5N at 0

Total Shed force

Total force acting on frame n=2.5

108.72N at 0
201.9 Nat 129.5 & 230.7
For n= 2.75

S.NO

crank angle (deg)

Mforce.FY

Lforce.FY

Sforce.FY

0.00

-4.92E+01

-4.86E+01

-5.05E+01

8.99

-4.90E+01

-4.84E+01

-5.02E+01

17.99

-4.82E+01

-4.77E+01

-4.92E+01

26.98

-4.69E+01

-4.65E+01

-4.77E+01

35.98

-4.52E+01

-4.49E+01

-4.56E+01

44.97

-4.31E+01

-4.31E+01

-4.32E+01

53.96

-4.08E+01

-4.10E+01

-4.05E+01

62.96

-3.85E+01

-3.89E+01

-3.77E+01

71.95

-3.62E+01

-3.67E+01

-3.51E+01

10

80.95

-3.40E+01

-3.46E+01

-3.27E+01

11

89.94

-3.21E+01

-3.28E+01

-3.06E+01

12

98.93

-3.05E+01

-3.11E+01

-2.91E+01

13

107.93

-2.92E+01

-2.97E+01

-2.81E+01

14

116.92

-2.82E+01

-2.86E+01

-2.75E+01

15

125.92

-2.75E+01

-2.77E+01

-2.72E+01

16

134.91

-2.71E+01

-2.71E+01

-2.72E+01

17

143.90

-2.68E+01

-2.66E+01

-2.73E+01

18

152.90

-2.67E+01

-2.63E+01

-2.75E+01

19

161.89

-2.66E+01

-2.61E+01

-2.77E+01

20

170.89

-2.66E+01

-2.60E+01

-2.78E+01

21

179.88

-2.66E+01

-2.60E+01

-2.79E+01

22

188.87

-2.66E+01

-2.60E+01

-2.78E+01

23

197.87

-2.66E+01

-2.61E+01

-2.77E+01

24

206.86

-2.67E+01

-2.63E+01

-2.75E+01

25

215.86

-2.68E+01

-2.66E+01

-2.73E+01

26

224.85

-2.71E+01

-2.71E+01

-2.72E+01

27

233.84

-2.75E+01

-2.77E+01

-2.72E+01

28

242.84

-2.82E+01

-2.86E+01

-2.75E+01

29

251.83

-2.91E+01

-2.97E+01

-2.80E+01

30

260.83

-3.04E+01

-3.11E+01

-2.91E+01

31

269.82

-3.20E+01

-3.27E+01

-3.06E+01

32

278.81

-3.40E+01

-3.46E+01

-3.26E+01

33

287.81

-3.61E+01

-3.66E+01

-3.50E+01

34

296.80

-3.84E+01

-3.88E+01

-3.77E+01

35

305.80

-4.08E+01

-4.10E+01

-4.04E+01

36

314.79

-4.30E+01

-4.30E+01

-4.31E+01

37

323.78

-4.51E+01

-4.49E+01

-4.56E+01

38

332.78

-4.68E+01

-4.64E+01

-4.76E+01

39

341.77

-4.81E+01

-4.76E+01

-4.92E+01

40

350.77

-4.90E+01

-4.84E+01

-5.01E+01

41

359.76

-4.92E+01

-4.86E+01

-5.05E+01

From above graph it shows that force acting on

the pin for n=2.75 is not desirable compare to
other n values.