The Evolution of Animals: Figures 17.1 - 17.3

CHAPTER 17
The Evolution of Animals

Figures 17.1 17.3
PowerPoint Lecture Slides for

Essential Biology, Second Edition & Essential Biology with Physiology
Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon
Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Zoologists estimate
that about a billion
billion (1018)
individual arthropods
populate the Earth
Tapeworms can reach
lengths of 20 meters in
the human intestine
The blue whale, an

endangered species that
grows to lengths of nearly
30 meters, is the largest
animal that has ever
existed
A reptile can survive on less than
10% of the calories required by a
mammal of equivalent size
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY:
INVASION OF THE KILLER TOADS

The incredible diversity of animals
Arose through hundreds of millions of years of
evolution
Can be quickly threatened
The Australian quoll

Is a catlike creature that preys on many small
animals, such as toads
Figure 17.1a
A non-native toad
Was introduced from South America in 1935 to fight
beetles in sugarcane fields
Caused considerable damage to the ecosystem
Figure 17.1b
THE ORIGINS OF ANIMAL DIVERSITY
Animal life began in the Precambrian seas with the

evolution of multicellular creatures that ate other
organisms
What Is an Animal?
Animals
Are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
organisms that obtain nutrients by ingestion
Digest their food within their bodies
Figure 17.2
Most animals
reproduce
sexually and then
proceed through a
series of
developmental
stages
Haploid
Sperm
Egg
1
Meiosis
Fertilization
Zygote
(fertilized egg)
Adult
3
Diploid
Blastula
(cross
section)
7 Metamorphosis
Digestive tract
Outer cell
layer
Primitive (ectoderm)
gut
5
Early
gastrula
Larva
Inner cell layer
(endoderm)
Figure 17.3
Later gastrula
Opening
Most animals have muscle cells and nerve cells that

control the muscles
CHAPTER 17

Figures 17.4 17.15


Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion

Animals probably evolved from a colonial protist
that lived in the Precambrian seas
Digestive
cavity
Reproductive
cells
1 Early colony of
protists
(aggregate of
identical cells)
2 Hollow
sphere
(shown in
cross
section)
Somatic
cells
3 Beginning of
cell
specialization
4 Infolding
5 Gastrula-like
protoanimal
Figure 17.4
At the beginning of the Cambrian period, 545 million

years ago, animals underwent a rapid diversification
Figure 17.5
What ignited the Cambrian explosion?

Many hypotheses exist
Animal Phylogeny
To reconstruct the evolutionary history of animal
phyla, researchers must depend on clues from
comparative anatomy and embryology
Four key evolutionary branch points have been

hypothesized
Sponges
Cnidarians
Flatworms Roundworms Mollusks
Annelids
Arthropods Echinoderms
Coelom from
cell masses
Chordates
Coelom from
digestive tube
4
Pseudocoelom
No body
cavity
Radial
symmetry
True coelom
3 Body cavities
Bilateral
2 symmetry
True tissues
Multicellularity
Figure 17.6
The first branch point is defined by the presence of

true tissues
The second major evolutionary split is based partly

on body symmetry
(a) Radial symmetry
(b) Bilateral symmetry
Figure 17.7
Third, the evolution of body cavities led to more

complex animals
A body cavity
Body covering Tissue-filled

region (from
(from
mesoderm)
ectoderm)
Is a fluid-filled space
separating the
digestive tract from
the outer body wall
(a) No body cavity (e.g., flatworm)

Pseudocoelom
May be a
pseudocoelom or a
true coelom
Body
covering
(from
ectoderm)
Digestive
tract (from
endoderm)
(b) Pseudocoelom (e.g., roundworm)
Coelom
Figure 17.8
Digestive
tract (from
endoderm)
Muscle
layer (from
mesoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue layer
lining
coelom and
suspending
Digestive
tract (from Mesentery internal
organs
endoderm)
(from
(c) True coelom (e.g., annelid)
mesoderm)
Fourth, among animals with a true coelom, there are

two main evolutionary branches, which differ in
embryonic development
MAJOR INVERTEBRATE PHYLA
Invertebrates
Are animals without backbones
Represent 95% of the animal kingdom
Sponges
Phylum Porifera
Includes sessile animals
once believed to be
plants
Lack true tissues
Figure 17.9
The body of a sponge

Resembles a sac perforated with holes
Draws water into a central cavity, where food is
collected
Pores
Choanocyte
in contact
with an
amoebocyte
Water flow
Skeleton fiber
Central cavity
Choanocyte
Amoebocyte
Flagella
Figure 17.10
Cnidarians
Phylum Cnidaria
Is characterized by organisms with radial symmetry
and tentacles with stinging cells
The basic body plan of a cnidarian

Is a sac with a gastrovascular cavity
Has two variations: the sessile polyp and the floating
medusa
Mouth/anus
Tentacle
Gastrovascular
cavity
Tentacle
Mouth/anus
Polyp form
Medusa form
Figure 17.11
Examples of polyps are

Hydras, sea anemones,
and coral animals
Figure 17.12
The organisms we call jellies are medusas
Cnidarians are carnivores that use tentacles armed

with cnidocytes, or stinging cells, to capture prey
Coiled
thread
Tentacle
Trigger
Capsule
Cnidocyte
Discharge of
thread
Prey
Figure 17.13
Flatworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Is represented by the simplest bilateral animals
Includes free-living forms such as planarians
Digestive tract
(gastrovascular
cavity)
Nerve cords
Mouth
Eyespots
Nervous tissue
clusters
Figure 17.14
Some flatworms
are parasitic
Head
Blood flukes are

an example
Tapeworms
parasitize many
vertebrates,
including humans
Reproductive
structures
Hooks
Sucker
Figure 17.15
CHAPTER 17

Figures 17.16 17.20


Roundworms
Phylum Nematoda
Includes the most
diverse and
widespread of all
animals
Occurs in aquatic
and moist
terrestrial habitats
Figure 17.16
Roundworms exhibit an important evolutionary

adaptation, a digestive tube with two openings, a
mouth and an anus
A complete digestive tract can process food and
absorb nutrients efficiently
Mollusks
Phylum Mollusca
Is represented by soft-bodied animals, but most are
protected by a hard shell
Includes snails, slugs, clams, octopuses, and squids,
to name a few
The body of a mollusk has three main parts: a

muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle
Visceral mass
Coelom
Mantle
Kidney
Reproductive
organs
Heart
Digestive
tract
Mantle
cavity
Shell
Radula
Radula
Anus
Gill
Foot
Mouth
Nerve cords
Mouth
Figure 17.17
The three major classes of mollusks are

Gastropods, which are protected by a single, spiraled
shell
Figure 17.18a
Bivalves, protected by shells divided into two halves
Figure 17.18b
Cephalopods, which may or may not have a shell
Figure 17.18c
Annelids
Phylum Annelida
Includes worms with body segmentation
Anus
Brain
Mouth
Accessory
hearts
Main
heart
Coelom
Digestive
tract
Segment
walls
Nerve cord
Blood
vessels
Excretory
organ
Figure 17.19
There are three main classes of annelids

Earthworms, which eat their way through soil
Figure 17.20a
Polychaetes, which burrow in the sea floor
Figure 17.20b
Leeches, some of which are parasitic
Figure 17.20c
CHAPTER 17

Figures 17.21 17.26


Arthropods
Phylum Arthropoda
Contains organisms named for their jointed
appendages
Includes crustaceans, arachnids, and insects
General Characteristics of Arthropods

Arthropods are segmented animals with specialized
segments and appendages
Cephalothorax
Abdomen
Thorax
Antennae
(sensory
reception)
Head
Swimming
appendages
Pincer
(defense)
Walking
legs
Mouthparts (feeding)
Figure 17.21
The body of an arthropod is completely covered by

an exoskeleton
Arthropod Diversity
There are four main groups of arthropods
Arachnids, such as spiders, scorpions, ticks, and
mites
Figure 17.22
Crustaceans, such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish,

shrimps, and barnacles
Figure 17.23
Millipedes and centipedes
Figure 17.24
Insects, most of which have a three-part body
Head Thorax
Abdomen
Hawk moth
Antenna
Forewing
Eye
Mosquito
Paper wasp
Mouthparts
Hindwing
Grasshopper
Damselfly
Water strider
Ground beetle
Figure 17.25
Many insects
undergo
metamorphosis in
their development
(a) Larva
(caterpillar)
(b) Pupa
(c) Pupa
(d) Emerging
adult
(e) Adult
Figure 17.26
CHAPTER 17

Figures 17.27 17.32


Echinoderms
Phylum Echinodermata
Is named for the spiny surfaces of the organisms
Includes sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea
cucumbers
Figure 17.27
Echinoderms
Are all marine
Lack body segments
Usually have an endoskeleton
Have a water vascular system that facilitates gas
exchange and waste disposal
THE VERTEBRATE GENEALOGY

Vertebrates
Are represented
by mammals,
birds, reptiles,
amphibians, and
fishes
Have unique
features,
including the
cranium and
backbone
Figure 17.28
Characteristics of Chordates
Phylum Chordata
Includes the subphylum of vertebrates
Other subphyla include the lancelets and tunicates,

which share four key chordate characteristics
Figure 17.29
The four chordate hallmarks are

A dorsal, hollow nerve cord
A notochord
Pharyngeal slits
A post-anal tail
Notochord
Dorsal,
hollow
nerve cord
Brain
Muscle segments
Mouth
Anus
Post-anal
tail
Pharyngeal
slits
Figure 17.30
An overview of chordate and vertebrate evolution
Precambrian
Cambrian
Paleozoic
Triassic
Tertiary
Cenozoic
Lancelets
Tunicates
Cretaceous
Mesozoic
Jurassic
Agnatha (jawless vertebrates,

such as lampreys)
Permian
Ancestral chordate
Mammalia
(mammals)
Aves
(birds)
Reptilia (reptiles)
Amphibia (frogs and

salamanders)
Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays)
Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous
Eras
Periods
Chordates
Vertebrates
Tetrapods
Amniotes
Feathers
Hair
Amniotic egg
Legs
Lungs or lung derivatives
Jaws
Vertebrae
Figure 17.31
Fishes
The first vertebrates probably evolved during the
early Cambrian period, about 540 million years ago
These early vertebrates, the agnathans, lacked jaws

Agnathans are represented today by lampreys
The two major groups of living fishes are the classes

Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Cartilaginous fishes have a flexible skeleton made

of cartilage
Sharks have a lateral line system sensitive to
vibrations in the water
Figure 17.32a
Bony fishes
Have a skeleton
reinforced by
hard calcium
salts
Have a lateral
line system, a
keen sense of
smell, and
excellent
eyesight
Figure 17.32b
Most bony fishes are ray-finned fishes

A second evolutionary branch includes lungfishes
and lobe-finned fishes
CHAPTER 17

Figures 17.33 17.38


Amphibians
Members of the class
Amphibia
Exhibit a mixture of
aquatic and terrestrial
adaptations
Usually need water to
reproduce
Figure 17.33
Amphibians
Were the first vertebrates to colonize land
Descended from fishes that had lungs and fins with
muscles
Lobe-finned fish
Early amphibian
Figure 17.34
Terrestrial vertebrates are collectively called

tetrapods, which means four legs
Reptiles
Class Reptilia
Includes snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and
alligators
Can live totally on land
Adaptations for living on land include

Scales to
prevent
dehydration
Lungs for
breathing
The amniotic
egg
Figure 17.35
Reptiles are ectotherms, which obtain their body

heat from the environment
Reptiles diversified extensively during the Mesozoic

Era
Dinosaurs included the largest animals ever to live
on land
Figure 17.36
Birds
Class Aves
Evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the
Mesozoic era
Evolved the ability to fly
Bird anatomy and physiology are modified for flight

Bones are honeycombed, which makes them lighter
Some specific organs are absent, which reduces
weight
A warm, constant body temperature is maintained
through endothermy
A birds wings
Illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the
wings of an airplane
Ai
rfo
il
Figure 17.37
Mammals
Class Mammalia
Evolved from reptiles about 225 million years ago
Includes mostly terrestrial organisms
Two features are mammalian hallmarks

Hair
Mammary glands that produce milk and nourish the
young
There are three major groups of mammals

Monotremes, the egg-laying mammals, constitute the
first group
Figure 17.38a
Most mammals are born rather than hatched and are

nurtured inside the mother by an organ called a
placenta
The second group of mammals, marsupials, are the

so-called pouched mammals
Figure 17.38b
Eutherians are also called

placental mammals
Their placentas provide
more intimate and longlasting association
between the mother and
her developing young
than do marsupial
placentas
Figure 17.38c
CHAPTER 17

Figures 17.39 17.42


THE HUMAN ANCESTRY

Humans are primates
The Evolution of Primates

Primate evolution
Provides a context for understanding human origins
Primates
Evolved from insect-eating mammals during the late
Cretaceous period
Early primates
Were small, arboreal mammals
The distinguishing characteristics of primates were

shaped by the demands of living in trees
Primate characteristics include

Limber shoulder
joints
Eyes in front of the
face
Excellent eye-hand
coordination
Extensive parental
care
Figure 17.39
Taxonomists divide primates into two main groups

Prosimians
Anthropoids
Prosimians include
Lemurs, lorises,
pottos, and tarsiers
Figure 17.40a
Anthropoids include
Monkeys
Figure 17.40b, c
Apes, the closest

relatives to humans
Figure 17.40dg
Humans
Figure 17.40h
The Emergence of Humankind

Humans and apes have shared a common ancestry
for all but the last 57 million years
Anthropoids
Prosimians
Humans
Chimpanzees
Orangutans
Gibbons
Old World monkeys
New World monkeys
Prosimians (lemurs, lorises, pottos, and tarsiers)
Ancestral primate
Gorillas
Apes
Monkeys
Figure 17.41
Some Common Misconceptions

Our ancestors were not chimpanzees or any other
modern apes
Chimpanzees and humans represent two divergent
branches of the anthropoid tree
Human evolution
Is not a ladder with a series of steps leading directly
to Homo sapiens
Is more like a multibranched bush than a ladder
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

sapiens
neanderthalensis
Homo erectus
Australopithecus
boisei
Australopithecus
robustus
Homo habilis
Australopithecus
africanus
Ardipithecus
ramidus
Australopithecus
afarensis
Figure 17.42
Upright posture and an enlarged brain appeared at

separate times during human evolution
CHAPTER 17

Figures 17.43 17.45


Australopithecus and the Antiquity of Bipedalism

Before there was the genus Homo, several hominid
species of the genus Australopithecus walked the
African savanna
Fossil evidence pushes bipedalism in A. afarensis

back to at least 4 million years ago
Figure 17.43
All Australopithecus species were extinct by about

1.4 million years
Homo habilis and the Evolution of Inventive Minds

Homo habilis, handy-man
Had a larger brain
Probably made stone tools
Homo erectus and the Global Diversity of Humanity

Homo erectus was the first species to extend
humanitys range from Africa to other continents
The global dispersal began about 1.8 million years
ago
Homo erectus
Was taller than H. habilis
Had a larger brain
Gave rise to Neanderthals
The Origin of Homo sapiens

The oldest known postH. erectus fossils
Date back more than 300,000 years
Are found in Africa
Many paleoanthropologists consider these fossils as

the earliest forms of our species, Homo sapiens
The famous fossils of modern humans from the
Cro-Magnon caves of France date back about
35,000 years
Two hypotheses regarding the origins of modern

humans exist
The multiregional hypothesis
The Out of Africa hypothesis (also called the
replacement hypothesis)
The multiregional hypothesis

States that modern humans evolved simultaneously
in different parts of the world
States that Homo erectus spread from Africa into
other continents between 1 and 2 million years ago
Homo sapiens
African
European
Asian
Australasian
Interbreeding
12 million years ago
(a) Multiregional hypothesis
Homo erectus
in Africa
Figure 17.44a
The Out of Africa hypothesis

States that modern humans spread out from Africa
about 100,000 years ago
Homo sapiens
African
European
Asian
Australasian
100,000 years ago

Homo sapiens
in Africa
(b) Out of Africa hypothesis
Homo erectus in
Africa
Figure 17.44b
Cultural Evolution
Culture
Is the transmission of accumulated knowledge over
generations
Cultural evolution has had three major stages
First, nomads
who were
hunter-gatherers
Made tools
Created art
Figure 17.45
Second, the development of agriculture

Third, the Industrial Revolution
EVOLUTION CONNECTION:
EARTHS NEW CRISIS

Cultural evolution
Made Homo sapiens a new force in the history of life
Humans are changing the world faster than many

species can adapt
The rate of extinction in the twentieth century was 50
times greater than the average for the past 100,000
years
This rapid rate of extinction is mainly a result of

habitat destruction
The exploding human population now threatens
Earths ecosystems

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CHAPTER 17

The Evolution of Animals

PowerPoint Lecture Slides for

Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The blue whale, an

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY:

INVASION OF THE KILLER TOADS

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Australian quoll

THE ORIGINS OF ANIMAL DIVERSITY

Animal life began in the Precambrian seas with the

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Most animals have muscle cells and nerve cells that

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Evolution of Animals

PowerPoint Lecture Slides for

Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero

Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion

At the beginning of the Cambrian period, 545 million

What ignited the Cambrian explosion?

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Four key evolutionary branch points have been

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Flatworms Roundworms Mollusks

The first branch point is defined by the presence of

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The second major evolutionary split is based partly

(a) Radial symmetry

(b) Bilateral symmetry

Third, the evolution of body cavities led to more

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body covering Tissue-filled

(a) No body cavity (e.g., flatworm)

Fourth, among animals with a true coelom, there are

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MAJOR INVERTEBRATE PHYLA

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The body of a sponge

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The basic body plan of a cnidarian

Examples of polyps are

The organisms we call jellies are medusas

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cnidarians are carnivores that use tentacles armed

Blood flukes are

The Evolution of Animals

PowerPoint Lecture Slides for

Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero

Roundworms exhibit an important evolutionary

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The body of a mollusk has three main parts: a

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The three major classes of mollusks are

Bivalves, protected by shells divided into two halves

Cephalopods, which may or may not have a shell

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

There are three main classes of annelids

Polychaetes, which burrow in the sea floor