The molecules of liquids move freely

with respect to one another. But these

are held together by attractive forces.

COHESION

COHESION

The attractive force between

molecules of like substance.

ADHESION

ADHESION

The attractive force between

molecules of unlike substance.
The intermolecular forces
responsible for the function of
various kinds of stickers and
sticky tape fall into the
categories of chemical
adhesion, dispersive
adhesion, and electrostaticadhesion.

L
A
C
I
N
MECHA
N
O
I
S
E
ADH
Adhesive materials fill the voids or
pores of the surfaces and hold
surfaces together by interlocking.
Other interlocking phenomena are
observed on different length scales.
Sewing is an example of two
materials forming a large scale
mechanical bond,velcroforms one
on a medium scale, and some
textile adhesives (glue) form -one at

MECHANICAL
ADHESION

L
A
C
I
M
E
CH
N
O
I
S
E
H
AD
occurs when the surface atoms of
two separate surfaces
form ionic, covalent, or hydrogen
bonds.
-

CHEMICAL
ADHESION

E
V
I
S
R
E
DISP
N
O
I
S
E
H
AD
In dispersive adhesion, also
known as physisorption, two
materials are held together by Van
der Waals forces: the attraction
between two molecules, each of
which has a region of slight
positive and negative charge.
-

DISPERSIVE
ADHESION

C
I
T
A
T
S
O
R
T
C
E
L
E
N
O
I
S
E
H
D
A
Some conducting materials may
pass electrons to form a
difference in electrical chargeat
the join. This results in a
structure similar to a
capacitorand creates an
attractiveelectrostaticforce-

ELECTROSTATIC
ADHESION

SURFACE TENSION

What is Surface Tension?

Itis a contractive tendency of

the surface of aliquidthat
allows it to resist an external
force.

Surface tension is exposed any time

an object that is denser than water
is able to float or run along the
water surface.

At liquid-air interfaces,
surface tension results
from the greater attraction
of water molecules to each
other (due tocohesion)
than to the molecules in
the air (due toadhesion).
The net effect is an inward
force at its surface that
causes water to behave as
if its surface were covered
-

SURFACTAN
TS

are compounds
that lower the
surface tension of
a liquid, allowing
easier spreading,
and lowering of
the interfacial
tension between
two liquids, or
between a liquid
and a solid.
-

APILLARITY OR
APILLARY ACTION

Y
R
A
L
L
I
CAP
ACTION
The rise or depression of liquids in
very fine tubes
Meniscus the crescent shaped
surface of the liquid column.
If the adhesive force exceeds the
cohesive force, like water and
glass,
the liquid tends to stick to the- solid

 The surface of the water is not

level but concave.
If the cohesive force exceeds the
adhesive force, like mercury and
glass, the liquid molecules tend
to stick together.
The surface forms a convex
meniscus.

 Conclusions:
Liquids rise in capillary tubes
they wet and are depressed in
capillary tubes they do not wet.
Elevation or depression is
inversely proportional to the
diameter of the tube.
The elevation or depression
decreases as the temperature
increases.
The elevation or depression
depends on the surface tension
of

BERNOULLIS
PRINCIPLE

BERNOULLIS
PRINCIPLE

Daniel Bernoulli(8February1700
17March1782) was
aSwissmathematicianandphysici
st and was one of the many
prominent mathematicians in
theBernoulli family. He is
particularly remembered for his
applications of mathematics to
mechanics, especiallyfluid
mechanics, and for his pioneering
work inprobabilityandstatistics.
-

 His name is commemorated in

theBernoulli principle, a
particular example of
theconservation of energy, which
describes the mathematics of the
mechanism underlying the
operation of two important
technologies of the 20th century:
thecarburetorand the
airplanewing.

 One of the most important

equations describing fluids in
motion was derived by Daniel
Bernoulli. The equation deals
with the relationship between
the pressure exerted by the fluid
and the speed of the fluid. The
equation which shall call
Bernoullis Principle will not be
derived here but its significance
-

 Bernoulli's principle can be derived

from the principle ofconservation
of energy. This states that, in a
steady flow, the sum of all forms of
energy in a fluid along
astreamlineis the same at all
points on that streamline. This
requires that the sum ofkinetic
energy,potential
energyandinternal
-

 Bernoulli's principle can also be

derived directly fromNewton's
2nd law. If a small volume of fluid
is flowing horizontally from a
region of high pressure to a
region of low pressure, then
there is more pressure behind
than in front. This gives a net
force on the volume,
accelerating it along the

EXAMPLE:

 The nozzle on a hose. The nozzle constricts

the area of flow and increases the fluids
speed. Using Bernoullis principle, we
conclude that the pressure of the water is
smaller at the narrow end of the nozzle
than farther back in the hose. When you
put your hand in front of the nozzle, you
will feel the large force on your hand as
the water strikes it. This force is not due to
the fluid pressure at the nozzle, but its due
to the resultant or net force resulting from
a difference in the pressure in the fluid
from the hose to the nozzle.
-

END