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PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPY:

An Introduction

Departement of Pharmacology & therapy


Medical faculty Padjadjaran University
HS SW

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF STUDY


IN PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPY

As prerequisite of Clinical Medicine,


Pharmacology and Therapy is a 2 semester
credit given in 2nd semester, will cover
several LO such as Intro, PK, PD, BA,
RODA, IDR, ADR/PV, PP, DI, prescription
writing, drug dosage form and Traditional
and Herbal Medicine

Pharmacology
The knowledge of :
History, source, physical and
chemical properties, compounding,
biochemical & physiological effects,
mechanism of actions, absorption,
distribution, biotransformation &
excretion,
therapeutic & other uses of drugs
(Benet,
1997)

Pharmacology :
The science of substances that
used to prevent, diagnose and
treatment diseases Medical
pharmacology
(Katzung, 1997)

Pharmacology :
The study of substances that interact
with living systems through chemical
processes, especially by binding the
regulatory molecules and activating or
inhibiting normal body process
(Katzung)

Pharmacognosy

The branch of pharmacology that


study about sources of drugs.

Pharmacy :
The
scientific
study
preparing,
compounding
dispensing of drugs

about
and

Pharmacokinetics
The study of absorption, distributions,
biotransformation and excretion of drugs
What the body do to the drugs
Fate of the drug in the body
Involved in how the concentration of
drug in the body varies with time

Pharmacodynamics
The study of biochemical and
physiological effects of drugs and their
mechanism of action
What the drug do to the body

Clinical pharmacology
The scientific study of drugs
in man

(WHO, 1970)

Justified,
effect :

because

drugs

Often have significant


interspecies
variation
May be modified by disease

Development of
clinical Pharmacology
(related factors)

1. The increasing number of new


drugs (drugs explosions)
2. The realization that the choice,
safe & effective use of drugs
depend on knowledge that can
best be obtained by systematic
scientific study
3. The
occurrence
of
therapeutic disasters
4.

Information

several

explosions

in

Scope of clin. pharmacology


1. Improvement of patient care
By promoting the safer and more
effective use of drugs

2. Increase research
Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic,
clinical trial, individual variations in
drug response, other

3. Teaching
Medical
students,
physicians

hospital

staff,

4. Services
Drugs information, TDM, DUS, ADRM,
drug adviser in some institutions

Animal pharmacology :
the study
experimental
animal

of

drugs

in

Comparative pharmacology :
the study that compare
pharmacology of drugs in
animal
and man
drugs
reasonably

to claim that animal


studies can be

Pharmacotherapeutics
The study of the drugs use in the
prevention & treatment of
disease

Some mechanism of actions of


drugs :
Stimulate / depress biochemical or
physiological functions relief of
symptoms
Alter the course of disease
Eliminate the pathogenic cells /

Pharmacogenetic
s
Study the relationship

between

genetics
factors and variations in drug
response
(Brody, 1998)

Concerned with drugs responses


that are
governed by heredity (Laurence &
Bennet, 1987)

Inherited causal factors are :

Biochemical genes govern the


production of
enzymes

Toxicology
The aspect of pharmacology
that
deals with the adverse effect of
drugs
(Benet, 1997)

The
study
of
effect,
antidotes and
detection of poison and
description of
effects of drugs overdose
(Brody, 1998)

Concerned with :

What is Drugs ?
Chemical agent that affects living
process
(Benet, 1997)

Any substance / product that is


used or
intended to be used to modify or
explore
physiological systems or
pathological

These substances may be chemicals


administered and result in
1. achieve beneficial therapeutic
effects on some process within the
patient
Or for
2. their toxic effects on regulatory
processes in parasites infecting the
patient

Essential drugs :
Drugs that meet the health needs of the
majority of the populations
Should be available in the appropriate
dosage forms and strengths at all times

Generic drugs : generic name

Patent drugs (branded drugs):

pharmaceutical products marketed under


brand
names

Herbal medicine
Traditional medicine

Class of drugs in market


I. Non-ethical drug
sold without prescription
Unlimited drugs (B-class) = OTC drugs
Without cautionary labeling
Green dot in package
eg.: vitamin/roborantia
Limited drugs (W-class) = semi OTC drugs
With cautionary labeling
Blue dot in package
eg.: Aspirin, paracetamol
- Through apothecary / licensed drugs

II. Ethical drug

Sold base on prescription


Red dot in package
Two class
- Potent drugs (G-class)
eg.: antibiotic, antihypertensive
-

Narcotics drugs (O-class)


eg.: morphine, heroine

Understrict supervision

Majority of cases : Drug interacts with Receptor


Drugs 1. may be produced by body :Hormones
2. not produced by body : Xenobiotics
Poison is drug
Toxin is poison of biological origin
Inorganic poison : lead and arsen

Drug enters the body changes


the living processes therapeutic
effect (activating or inhibiting)

NATURE OF DRUGS :
A. The Physical Nature of Drug
Solid, liquid, gaseous
B. Drug Size Molecular Weight
C. Drug Reactivity and Drug Receptor Bonds
Covalent - Electrostatic - Hydrophobic
D. Drug Shape (Rasemic)
E. Rational Drug Design (New drug)
F. Receptor nomenclature (decided by IUPHAR)

The purpose of medicine therapy


1. Prevention
2. Treatment
3. Diagnose
4. In Family Planning/
Contraception

Effect of Drugs :
Analgesic

Bronchodilator

Antipyretic

Vasodilator

Antiinflammatory

Vasoconstrictor

Antibiotic

Diuretic

Anaesthetic

Depressant

Antiparasite

Stimulant

Antilipidemia

Coagulant

Antihypertensive

Antihistaminic

Antiarrhythmia

Insecticide

Antidotum

etc.

Drug Responses

Side Effects

Hyporeactive

Ototoxic

Hyperreactive

Blood Dyscrasia

Hypersensitive

Hepatotoxic

/Allergy

Nephrotoxic

Habituation

Cardiotoxic

Tolerance

Abdominal disc.

Tachyphylaxis

Neurotoxic

Addiction

Teratogenic
Carcinogenic

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