AUTOMATION

What is automation?
To analyze and control all the process parameters in
the plant by the help of automation devices.
What is an automation device?
Automation device is a system, which on the basis of
information fed in it, performs predefined actions
with a bearing on its environment

Analogy with an automotive vehicle

AUTOMOBILE AUTOMATION DEVICE
Vehicle
Drivers Eye
Accelerator Paddle
Engine
Gasoline
Drivers Brain
Dash board

Machine or Installation
Detector , Sensor
Power control, Contactor switch
Actuator
Power supply
Processing system, calculation & decision
Dialog interface, Display

Examples of automation device components

Installation: A Tank

Sensors: Photoelectric
Sensors

 Actuator: Motor

Power control:
Contactor switch

Processing system:
Controller

 Visualization: Display

The actuators
The actuators allow actions to be performed on the system.
These are pumps, cylinders, engines, etc

Power control
To provide the power necessary for the actuators and act as intermediary with the data
processing system, specific devices are necessary. These are power control systems
: contactors, circuit breakers, relays, etc.

The Human/Machine Interface

All automated systems must be monitored or controlled by a human operator.
For this, the following devices are needed:
Push buttons
Interface terminals
Display units

Data Processing System

The brain of the installation
is the data processing system.
It reads the input status of the
inputs then execute the
program according to the
logic and then take the action
on the outputs

Structure of a Programmable Controller

The CPU or Processor

The CPU or processor

constitutes the motor or master
ceremonies of the controller.
The CPU
Reads the sensor values
Execute the program with the
data contained in the memory.
Writes the outputs connected to
the actuators

The Memory

The controller memory contains

the program to be executed, but
also the data used by the program
(timer values, monostable values,
counter values etc.)

This is where all the data

contained in the controller is
stored. Without a memory
controller cannot operate.

The input/output interface

The input/output
interface is used to
transfer the status of the
sensors of the
controller.
It is also used to send
the commands to the
actuators e.g. relays,
contactors, etc.

The Power Supply

The controller is an
active device. The
electrical supply that
converts alternating
current (AC) line voltage
to various operational
DC values. In the
process, the power
supply filters and
regulates the DC
voltages to ensure proper
computer operation.

The communication module

The program which
is created on the
computer is
transferred to the
controller with the
help of
communication
module.

What is a Bit?
Bit: Bit is an abbreviation of binary digit
B from binary, It from digit
E.g.: binary number 10101 has 5 bits.

What is a word?
. Word is a group of 16

bits.It corresponds to a
number and could
represent the preset
value of a timer or
counter. A word is a
memory location
which contains a
numerical value.

WORD

Inputs & Outputs

The inputs and outputs constitute the controllers physical
links with the outside world. With in the controller they
represent a system which
Transforms the electrical
Transforms the logic status
signal into the logical status
(0/1) into an electrical of in
in case inputs.
case of outputs.

CONTROLLER CYCLE

Reading and storing of sensor

status

Calculation: Processing of
equations (according to the
status of the sensors)

Transfer of the result of

calculations to the actuators.

What is a program?
A program is an ordered series of instructions which indicates
to the processor the operations to be carried out.

Circuit Diagram

Example of a program
Read the status of PB1.
Read the status of PB2.
If PB1 & PB2 are closed
then switch on L.
Else switch off L.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The program must be written in a language that is
understandable by a processor.
The number of languages suited to the processing to be
carried out
Ladder Language (LD)
Sequential Flow Chart (SFC)
Instructions List (IL)
Structured Text (ST)
Functional Block Diagram (FBD)

LADDER LANGUAGE
Ladder language is a graphic language composed of
contacts, coils and link between these elements.
As before the programmed technology there was wired
technology. To make change from one technology to
another as smooth as possible, a language that reflect
wired systems very closely has been created, known as
LADDER LANGUAGE.

Example of a Ladder Language

The two controller inputs wired to push buttons PB1 & PB2 control a
lamp L wired to a controller output.

Program
Read the status
of PB1.
Read the status
of PB2.
If PB1 & PB2 are
closed then
switch on L.
Else switch off L.