RESIDENTIAL GREEN DESIGN

21st October 2014 .

PAM Kuala Lumpur

Ar Hj Abdul Halim Bin Suhor

B. Arch (Houston), LLM (IIUM), APAM AIPDM MMIArbs

CONTENT
1. PASSIVE GREEN DESIGN
2. GBI CERTIFIED RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS
3. CASE STUDIES
Concepts & Strategies
Standards
Design Tools & Data

Sustainable
Safety, Health
&
Security

Accessible

Cost
Effective

GREEN
ARCHITECTURE

Functional

Aesthetic

Historic
Productive

Energy Regeneration
option

Purchase locally
produced materials

Low environmental
impact material

Water use

Environmental
Strategy

Waste separation
for recycling

Maximise Indoor
comfort

Minimise running costsNon-toxic materials

1
PASSIVE GREEN DESIGN
1-1 A Cooler Environment
Designing for the Sun
Standards MS1525
Detail Design BEIT
1-2 Bringing in the daylight
Elements of daylight design
Detail design with Dailux
1-3 Natural Ventilation
Designing to bring in the fresh air
Ventilation cooling

Getting the right balance

Primary concerns

Day lighting vs Heat gain from sunlight

View vs Privacy
Natural ventilation vs External pollutants &
insects & noise

MALAYSIAN HOME ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

Source : Ir Grumit Singh / CETDEM

MALAYSIAN HOME OVERALL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Source : Ir Grumit Singh / CETDEM

1.1
A COOLER ENVIROMENT
DESIGNING FOR THE SUN

HOW DOES THE HEAT GET IN?

Low rise buildings - Half the heat goes in
through the ROOF
High Rise Buildings 70-90% goes in
through the BUILDING FABRIC. Of this
fabric heat gain 70-80% is from direct
solar heat gains through glazing

ROOF SOLAR HEAT GAINS

Roof thermal resistance

SSTH
75%

DSTH
50%

5S Flat
40%

BUILDING FABRIC SOLAR HEAT GAINS

Heat
Conduction
through Walls

Heat
Conduction
through
Windows

Solar Heat
Gain
through
Windows

Walls
5%

Glass
15%

Sunlight
80%

1.1
BASICS OF MS1525

SECTION 5 : BUILDING ENVELOPE

 MS 1525 COMPLIANCE TO BE INCORPORATED

IN UBBL REVISION BY KPKT
ARCHITECTS & ENGINEERS REQUIRED TO
COMPLY TO MS1525 FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS WITH AIR CONDITIONED AREAS
LARGER THAN 4000 SM AFTER UBBL
AMENDMENT
ARCHITECTS / ENGINEERS WILL HAVE TO
SUBMIT OTTV & RTTV CALCULATIONS TO
COMPLY WITH SECTION 5 OF MS1525
ENGINEERS WILL HAVE TO ENSURE
COMPLIANCE WITH SECTION 6,7,8,AND 9

COMPUTING FABRIC SOLAR HEAT GAINS

OTTVi = 15(1-WWR)Uw + 6(WWR)Uf + 194xCFxWWRxSC
Heat
Conduction
through Walls

Heat
Conduction
through
Windows

OTTV < 50 W/m2

Solar Heat
Gain
through
Windows

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS

Heat energy flows from a hot object to a cooler object.

Whenever there is a temperature gradient, heat transfer
will always occur.
It can never be stopped, and it can only be slowed.

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS

15(1-WWR)Uw
15 x Solar Absorbx Wall Area x U-value of wall
(Heat Conduct through Wall)
Solar Absorption = Colour of walls
Depending on WWR this is typically 0.5% to 5 % of
Total OTTV
Black Paint

0.90-0.99

White Paint

0.15-0.30

Aluminium Oxide Paint

0.09

Red Roof Tiles

0.4-0.8

U-VALUE OF WALLS

U-value is the heat transmission value of the wall

in W/m2K
U-values have to be worked out from the Thermal
Resistance of the respective materials making
up the wall
The Overall thermal resistance of the composite
wall = Thickness x Conductivity x Resistance of
each component totaled up
The Higher the Thermal Resistance, the lower the
U-Value and therefore the Thermal
Transmittance of heat through the walls

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WINDOWS

6(WWR)Uf
6 x Window Area x U-value of Window (Heat
Conduct through Window)
Depending on WWR this is between 10% to 20% of
Total OTTV
WINDOW TYPE

TYPICAL U-VALUES w/m2K

Single Glazed window

5.7

Single Glazed Window Low-E

4.2

Double Glazed Window

2.6-2.9

Double Glazed Window Low-E

1.2

SOLAR GAIN THROUGH WINDOWS

194xCFxWWRxSC
194 x Correction Factor (Depend on OrientationTable 4) x Window Area x Shading Coefficient
(Table 5,6 & 7)
Depending on WWR this is between 75% to 85% of
Total OTTV. The large constant of 194 already
hints that this is a major factor in the OTTV
SC can be a major contributor to reducing the
Overall OTTV as it can change this component
by between 30% to 80%

U-VALUE OF ROOFS

U-value is the heat transmission value of the Roof

in W/m2K
U-values have to be worked out from the Thermal
Resistance of the respective materials making
up the Roof
The Overall thermal resistance of the composite
Roof = Thickness x Conductivity x Resistance
of each component totaled up
The Higher the Thermal Resistance, the lower the
U-Value and therefore the Thermal
Transmittance of heat through the Roof

THERMAL INSULATION FLAT ROOFS

Use 50-100 mm thick insulation

50mm - 100mm
Insulation

100mm Cast Concrete

900mm Ceiling Air Space

Interior Air-Conditioned Space

12mm Ceiling Tiles

DOUBLE ROOF WITH SERVICES AT ROOF TOP

INSULATED DOUBLE ROOF

THERMAL INSULATION PITCHED ROOFS

Add 100mm thick insulation to the ceiling for retrofit

Metal Deck Roof

Existing 50mm Insulation Wool

35C
45C

Roof Space
Additional 100mm Insulation on the Ceiling to
prevent heat from affecting the space below.

Ceiling Tiles (fiber board)

Aluminum Sheet

THERMAL INSULATION PITCHED ROOFS

Add 100mm thick insulation & ventilate the roof

Metal Deck Roof
50mm ventilation gap
100mm Insulation Wool

35C

Aluminum Sheet

45C

Roof Space

Ceiling Tiles (fiber board)

Roof Garden IBP Atrium Singapore

1.1

COMPLYING WITH MS1525

OTTV & RTTV VALUES

KEY PASSIVE DESIGN FACTORS

AFFECTING THERMAL PROPERTIES OF
BUILDINGS
SITE PLANNING & MICRO-CLIMATE
SIZE & SHAPE
ORIENTATION
PLANNING & ORGANIZATION
THERMAL RESISTANCE
THRMAL CAPACITY
WINDOW SYSTEMS
CONSTRUCTION DETAILING

ORIENTATION

ORIENTATION

A double storey house facing east-west can expect

to get nearly 30% more solar radiation than an
identical north south facing house
For flats and apartments, depending on the aspect
ratio and height of the building, an east-west facing
building can have 16% to 40% more solar gain than
a north-south facing block.

THERMAL INSULATION FOR WALLS

Avoid Sandbrick
Very poor U-value > 3 W/m2K

Plaster
Plaster

Insulated Walls

115mm

Aerated Lightweight Concrete (ALC)

U-value of 1 W/m2K for 100mm

Brick

Use U-value < 1 W/m2K

150 mm thick ALC

15mm

15mm

Typical U-value of 2.43 W/m2K

WINDOW GLAZING

Spectrally Selective Glazing :

Lets in the lights, blocks out the heat

Tinted Glazing
Heat
Light

Sp. Sel. Glazing

Heat
Light

Typical Values, Double Glazing : Light 60% Transmission

Heat 30 % Transmission

CHOOSE SPECTRALLY SELECTIVE GLAZING

ideal window transmittance

solar spectrum

500

visible

1000

1500
Wavelength,

2000
nm

2500

3000

GLASS PERFORMANCE DATA

VLT = 62%
SC = 0.42

WINDOW SHADING
External Shading
Devices are more
effective than Internal
Blinds.
Only need to block
out Direct Sunlight.

SHADING COEFFICIENT R1
Horizontal Shading Devices
x = 1m

R1 =
=

X
y
1.2
3.2

R1 =
y = 3.4m

y = 3.2m

x = 1.2m

= 0.375

SECTION

X
y
1.0
3.4

= 0.30

SECTION
GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

SHADING COEFFICIENT, R1

MS1525:2007 Table 5

If R1 falls between increments, adopt the next larger ratio .

If R1 is below 0.30, SC2 = 1.
If R1 is > 2.00, SC2 values shall be the same as R1 between 1.30 and 2.00
GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

SHADING COEFFICIENT - R1

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

HORIZONTAL LOUVERS FOR N-S

FACING WINDOWS

VERTICAL LOUVERS FOR E-W

FACING WINDOWS

SHADING COEFFICIENT - R2
Vertical Shading Devices

y = 1.8m

R2 = y
x = 0.75m

Outside
Inside
PLAN VIEW

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

0.75
1.8

= 0.42

SHADING COEFFICIENT, R2

MS1525:2007 Table 6

If R2 falls between increments, adopt the next larger ratio .

If R2 is below 0.30, SC2 = 1.
If R2 > 2.00, SC2 values shall be the same as R2 is between 1.30 and 2.00.
GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

SHADING COEFFICIENT - R2

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREEN BUILDING INDEX

SUMMARY
REDUCE ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS

1.
2.
3.

4.

Orientate your buildings intelligently

Insulate your walls and roofs
Reduce OTTV and RTTV by
locating and sizing windows smartly
choosing glazing correctly
providing shading to windows
Maximize daylight penetration
GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

1.2
BASICS OF DAYLIGHT DESIGN
A BRIGHTER HOME

Illuminance (Brightness)
Lux level

Measure in Lux level or daylight factor (DF)

Daylight Factor

A measure of light quantity indoor based on available light

outside.
Daylight Factors are provided via overcast sky conditions.

DF

Eint ernal
Eexternal

100%

Perceived Illuminance
Under overcast sky conditions, subjective responses to daylight
factors are as follows.
With a DF <1% a room will seem gloomy. Electric lighting may be
required.
With a DF between 1% to 3%, a room will feel it is day lit, although
supplementary electric lighting may be needed for fine work
With a DF >3%, a room will feel vigorously day lit. No electric
lighting will be needed.

NOTE : External illuminance over Malaysian skies ranges from 12,000

lux to 20,000 lux.

UBBL Requirements
Bylaw 39(1)

Every room designed for residential, business or other purposes

except hospitals & schools shall be provided with natural lighting
and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having
total area not less than 10% of the floor area and shall have
opening for uninterrupted air passage of 5%
Bylaw 39(2)

Hospitals window area 15% and open able windows 10%

Bylaw 39(2)

Schools window area 20% and open able windows 10%

Daylight Estimation Basics 1

1. Window height
Depth of daylight penetration depends primarily on the
window height. Rule of thumb 1 Max depth = 2.5 window
height
2. Window Area
Rule of thumb 2 for daylight factor of average 2%, area of
window required is 10% of floor area
3. Check with following charts for various DF options and if
there are external obstructions
4. Use Daylight uniformity chart to re-check daylight
penetration depth

Source : Brown & DeKay and Kwok & Grondzik

Daylight Estimation Using Split Flux

Method
The most usable manual method for calculating Daylight Factors is the
split flux method. This is based on the assumption that, ignoring direct
sunlight, natural light reaches a point inside a building in three ways:
Sky Component (SC)
Directly from the sky, through an opening such as a window.
Externally Reflected Component (ERC)
Light reflected off the ground, trees or other buildings.
Reflected Component (IRC)
The inter-reflection of (SC) and (ERC) off other surfaces within the room.

Daylight Estimation Using Split Flux

Method

 DAYLIGHTING ESSENTIALS
1. Bring the light in high, above the view plane
2. Diffuse sunlight inside the space. Dont allow beam
sunlight to strike work surfaces.
3. Use only north and south vertical windows
4. Choose the glazing carefully.

Continuous strip of narrow windows up high

A few view windows. These have a low visible transmittance (0.2
0.3), to balance the luminance of the walls with the luminance
of the outdoor view. Every work place in the building should have
a visual connection to the outside
Eggshell white color in the upper part of the room to bounce the
light across the room
Mid-to-light colors in the lower part of the room

Effect of Window design on daylight

distribution

 PSALI
For Office or home task lighting, perimeter lighting can employ the
Permanent Supplementary Artificially Lighting of the Interior
procedure.
1.Determine the perimeter spaces with DF more than 3%. These
spaces will have adequate lighting for at least 80% of daylight
hours.
2.This is usually up to 3 meters from the perimeter walls. Put in a
separate switching for the lights.
3.Determine the spaces with DF more than 1%. Have half the light
fittings one switch and the other half at alternate intervals on
another switch.
4.The second half of the lights need only be switched on for 50%
of the time, giving a saving of 25% for this second band.

SECTION DEPTH 10 FT (3M)

SECTION DEPTH 20 FT (6.1M)

SECTION DEPTH 26 FT (8M)

PSALI

GREEN BUILDING INDEX

DIFFUSED DAYLIGHT LEVELS

10 am

4 pm

50,000 lux
30,000 lux

G Reimann
GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

PSALI

1.2
ADVANCED DAYLIGHT DESIGN
DESIGNING WITH DAILUX

SOURCE OF DAILUX SOFTWARE

http://www.dial.de/DIAL/en/dialux.html

1.3
NATURAL VENTILATION
VENTILATION COOLING

Natural Ventilation Functions

Natural Ventilation Modes

Wind-driven Cross Ventilation
Buoyancy-driven Stack Ventilation
Single-sided Ventilation

CROSS VENTILATION

STACK VENTILATION

CROSS & STACK VENTILATION

COOLING FROM NATURAL

VENTILATION
1. Estimate heat load from Internal Heat sources
2. Add Fabric and roof heat gains using OTTV &
RTTV calculations
3. Total the heat gains
4. Use charts to estimate openings required for the
heat loads w/m2
5. If opening sizes not sufficient, fans may be
required to achieve the required cooling

Internal Heat Sources

CROSS VENTILATION

CROSS VENTILATION
CROSS VENTILATION COOLING ESTIMATES
DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE HOUSE 6M X 10M

COMPONENT

DAY

NITE

HEAT(w/m2
)

HEAT(w/m2
)

Internal heat gains

12

12

Roof heat gains

25

Front & Back Elev heat

gains

30

Total Heat Gains

67

12

Vent Cooling

Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening

5%

80

20

Effective Vent cooling

13

Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening

7%

110

30

Effective Vent cooling

43

18

MALAYSIAN WIND SPEEDS

1 M/S =

306 km/h = 2.237 mph

CROSS VENTILATION

T=1.5-2oC

STACK VENTILATION

SINGLE SIDED STACK VENTILATION

STACK VENTILATION

T=1.5-2oC

SINGLE SIDED STACK VENTILATION

STACK VENTILATION COOLING ESTIMATES
DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE HOUSE 6M X
10M

COMPONENT

DAY

NITE

HEAT(w/m
2)

HEAT(w/m
2)

Internal heat gains

12

12

Roof heat gains

25

Front & Back Elev heat

gains

30

Total Heat Gains

67

12

Vent Cooling

Stack 3m Opening 5%

Effective Vent cooling

Stack 5m Opening 5%

Effective Vent cooling

30
(37)

30
18

35

35

(32)

23

Stack 5m Opening 10%

65

65

Effective Vent cooling

(2)

53

CROSS & STACK VENTILATION

CROSS & STACK VENTILATION

T=1.5-2oC

CROSS & STACK VENTILATION

COMPONENT

DAY

NITE

HEAT(w/m2)

HEAT(w/m2)

Internal heat gains

12

12

Roof heat gains

25

Front & Back Elev heat gains

30

Total Heat Gains

67

12

Vent Cooling

Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening

5%

80

20

Stack 3m Opening 5%

30

30

Combined Vent Cooling

110

65

Effective Vent cooling

43

53

Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening

7%

110

30

Stack 5m Opening 7%

45

45

Combined Vent Cooling

125

80

Effective Vent cooling

43

18

CEILING FANS

Fans that create an air movement of 150-200 ft/min

(0.75-1.0 m/sec) can create a cooling effect of up
to 4 degF (2.2degC). They provide convective
cooling increase evaporative cooling.
The most cooling effect is within a circular zone of
twice the fan diameter.

2
GBI CERTIFIED
RESIDENTIAL

IDEA HOUSE

3
CASE STUDIES
3-1 Urban High Rise
One Sandilands Penang

3-2 Urban Low Rise

Saville Bangsar

3-3 Rural Low Rise

Mutiara Villa Bentong

3.1
URBAN HIGH RISE

ONE SANDILANDS PENANG

OTTV = 32 w/m2
Roof U-value = 0.29 w/m2K
BIPV = 25 kWp

Vertical Landscaping on 5% of elevation

Landscape & Sky gardens >25% land area

>50% of Construction waste re-cycled

>60% landscape fertilizer come from
composting
<10% of common lighting switched on during
daylight from installed lux sensor and energy
efficient light fittings
>57% water savings from Water Efficient fittings
<50% portable water used for landscape
watering as rain water is harvested for this

3.2
URBAN LOW RISE

SAVILLE BANGSAR SOUTH

OTTV = 42 to 44 w/m2
Roof U-value = 0.14 w/m2K
Water efficient fittings saves >57% water
Landscape area >26% land area

Dedicated community recycle center

Community compost bins

3.3
RURAL LOW RISE

MUTIARA VILLA BENTONG

 OTTV = 33 to 37 w/m2
Roof U-value = 0.23 w/m2K
Water heater installed for all homes
Dedicated community recycle center
Community Herb Garden
Community compost bins at central
gardens
Bicycle lane for whole housing scheme

THANK YOU
chanseongaun@gmail.com