IMPLEMENTATION OF

SCADA IN GAS
PIPELINE
BY
IWUNZE
NWABUEZE

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

ABSTRACT
Gas distribution and management has always been
a problem to many countries. Poor infrastructure
and inefficient management of gas supply result
in inconvenience and unsatisfied customers due to
insufficient supply of gas to different places across
the state at right time, thus increasing cost of
supply. So, in order to overcome these challenge,
we need to design or introduce improvements to an
existing system architecture that operate on real
time data communicated from remote places to
central or main control centre. For this purpose
SCADA systems will be used

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

SCADA
Importance of SCADA system

To provide effective & efficient monitoring

and control of entire pipeline network.
Remote
control
of
important
station
equipment, process set points & block valves
from MCC. shutdown of entire pipeline from
Emergency

MCC.
Acquisition & display of pipeline parameters,
alarms from attended stations, scraper
stations, C.P. Stations & block valves at MCC.
Coordinate security measures with process
operation
Provides immediate knowledge of system
performance.
PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

SCADA
Scope

In this research we will design a Supervisory Control

and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system for managing,
monitoring and controlling the gas pipeline stations.
The SCADA Systems should be able to monitor and
measure a variety of pipeline data including flows,
motor currents, temperatures, water levels,
voltages, and pressures. Alarms at central or
remote sites triggered by any abnormal conditions
are propagated to the HMI computer for operator's
attention.

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

SCADA
Objective

The main objective of the thesis is for easy control

and monitor of processes on how gas is safely
distributed. So, in order to overcome problems
caused due to poor infrastructure of gas supply
system, we need to design or introduce
improvements that operate on real time data
communicated from remote places to central or main
control center. For this purpose SCADA systems are
used.

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

SCADA
Problem Statement

Poor control and monitoring or inefficient

management of gas supply result in inconvenience
and unsatisfied customers due to insufficient supply of
gas to different places across the state at right
time, increasing cost of supply.

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

SCADA
Report Orgaination

There are six chapters in this thesis. Chapter1

provides introduction. Chapter 2 discusses the
literature review of past related work. Chapter 3
includes description of the SCADA system and its
components and architectures. Chapter 4 presents
description, analysis and upgrade to gas pipeline.
Chapter 5 presents the communication system design
for remote stations. Finally, in chapter 6, conclusions
and suggestions for future work are given.

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

LITERATURE REVIEW

Report Organization
First generation: "Monolithic
First generation SCADA systems were developed as "turn key" operations that
ran on minicomputer and are independent systems with no connectivity to
other systems. The communication protocols used were strictly proprietary at
that time
Second generation: "Distributed"
SCADA information and command processing was distributed across multiple
stations which were connected through a LAN and are shared in real time. The
network protocols used were still not standardized and are proprietary.
Third generation: "Networked"
Several distributed architecture SCADAs running in parallel, with a single
supervisor and historian, could be considered a network architecture. This
allows for a more cost effective solution in very large scale systems.

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

LITERATURE REVIEW
Report Organization

Fourth generation: "Internet of Things"

SCADA systems have increasingly adopted Internet technology to
significantly reduce infrastructure costs and increase ease of
maintenance and integration. Provides security and its not
proprietary to any network protocols.

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

TYPICAL ORIGINATING PUMP STN

LINE DIAGRAM
BOOSTER SECTION

STRAINER
SECTION

FLOW
METER

MASTER
METER

TANKS

DENSITY
METER

MAINLINE
PUMPING SECTION

SUMP
PUMP &
TANK

MOV

PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE
INSTRUMENTS

NRV
HOV
PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

SCRAPPER
LAUNCHING
BARRELTION

TANK AND MANIFOLD INTERLOCKS LOGIC

LS,
LT

TANK LINEUP CONDITIONS:

TO BOOSTERS

MANIFOLD

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

1. Sufficient ullage in the tank ensured by LT.

2. Tank Valve will be opened when there is no
Low Alarm
3. System will allow only one tank valve at a ti
4. During changeover 25% valve opening gives
5. command for the closure of other tank valve
6. Manifold valve operation is also similar.
7. Failure of above operation, sequence incom
condition will ensure shutdown of equipmen

BOOSTERS LINE UP LOGIC

BOOSTERS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

Any one of the tank and manifold

valve should be inn open condition.
Discharge valve of the booster
should be closed.
No faults in the booster alarms
should exist.
Maximum only 2 Nos. of boosters
can start.
Start command opens cution valve,
then to pump. Once pump runs
discharge valve is opened.
Suction Pressure alarm comes
online after a time delay.
Any alarm initiation trips the
boosters.

MAINLINE PUMP LINE UP LOGIC

Mainline Pumps are either Engine Driven or Motor
Driven.
2. In case of Engine Driven Pump, a self contained control
panel
ensures the healthy status of all engine/pump
parameters.
3. In case of Motor Driven Pump, the health of the
equipment is
monitored directly by the SCC.
4. Precondition to start : Discharge valve should be closed,
No fault
condition exist confirms the availability of the
equipment.
5. Start command opens suction valve, then to pump. Once
pump runs opens discharge valve.
6. Any failure in the sequence will not allow the pump to
start.
7. While pump running, any alarm of the pump/station like
high discharge, ESD, Sump Tank Level Hi-Hi etc. will trip
the system and isolates the system by closing the
valves.
PIPELINE OPERATIONS
THROUGH SCADA
1.

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

DISCHARGE MOV
FAILED TO CLOSE
WITH IN PRESET TIME?
(120 SEC)

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

AUTOMATIC CONTROL OPERATION

PT
PT

TANK

MAINLINE PUMPING UNITS

BP

PI

TM
PI

PS

PS

BP

PI

PI

PS

PS

PS

SET POINT
CONTROLLE
RS

FP

SP

SIGNAL
SELECTOR

DP
PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

PI

PS PS

PID LOOP

LOW

PI

GOVERNOR /
VFD /
CONTROL
VALVE

PS

PI
PS

PS

PT

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

TYPICAL CONTROL LOOP OF RECEIVING STATION

PT

PS

PI

PI

SD

SRB
SD

PCV
PT

S
T
R.

BP

SIGNAL

FC
T
M

T
M

PS

LOW

DPI

LS
,
LT

PT

DM

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

SELECT
OR

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

LOCAL CONTROL SYSTEM /

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROL SYSTEM

OBJECTIVES ARE -LOGIC CONTROL - PROCESS CONTROL

COMMUNICATION WITH SCC

Digital I/Os
Analog I/Os
CPU & Communication interface
Field Instruments
PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

Independent Control System Irrespective of SCADA

CONTROL SYSTEM
During the scan, a PLC

Monitors Inputs

Scan

Executes Program

Changes Outputs
27
PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

TYPICAL SCADA ARRANGEMENT

MCC

COMMUNICATION
SERVER
COMMUNICATION LINK

SCC,
Originatin
g
Station

BV
RTU

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

BV
RTU

SCC,
Intermedia
te
Station

BV
RTU

SCC,
Delivery
Station

APPLICATION SERVERS (32

BIT)
ENGG/PROGRAMMING
15
Flat
Mon.
TERMINAL 15 Flat
Mon.

DUAL REDUNDANT SCADA

MCS cum SCC SERVERS (32
BIT)
15 Flat Mon.

OPERATOR
WORKSTATIONS (32BIT)
19 Fat Mon.

SIC terminal (32 BIT)

15 Flat Mon.

50TFT
Screen
Display

DUAL REDUNDANT
100 MBPS ETHERNET LAN

RTU / PLC
CPU, Memory,
comm. Module, I/O
controller, power
supply

In owners OFC
based
communication
system provision
shall be made for
Ethernet Interface

Interface between
Printers & Dual LAN
P
S
U

C
P
U

C
O
M

I
O
C

P
S
U

C
P
U

C
O
M

I
O
C
DOT MATRIX
PRINTER

Communication
Server / FES
LASERJET
PRINTER

Ethernet

Multi drop
redundant
communication
with RTUs of
block valves

I/O MODULES

MODBUS Interface
to third party
devices e.g. flow
computers, RTG,
VFD etc.

point to point
redundant
communication
with each PLC of
SCCs

FIELD DEVICES
V.28/Ethernet

TYPICAL MCS cum SCC CONFIGURATION

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

SCADA
Major functions of SCADA system
Data acquisition / Communication

Alarm & Event processing

Control processing/commands

Trend generation

Shift / Daily /Maintenance Reports

Management Information Reports

30

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

LEAK DETECTION & LOCATION MODULE

Sensing Pipeline Leakage and Location

BATCH TRACKING/INTERFACE ANALYSIS

Calculation of motion and position of batches

PIG TRACKING
Tracks Movement of pig

LOOK AHEAD MODEL

To predict future trends of pressures and flow with
respect to pump changes

PIPELINE EFFICIENCY
Recommends for cleaning of pipeline

PREDICTIVE MODEL
Simulates the hydraulic dynamics of the pipeline (Offline)

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

LEAK DETECTION SYSTEM

Typical Leak detection system consists following
software
modules :
WHEN LINE IN OPERATION

Pressure & Flow Profile Module / Pressure Wave

Module -To detect leak and location

Volume balance method : To detect leak only

UNDER SHUT IN CONDITION

Pressure wave module :
location

To detect leak and

Pressure Drop method :

To detect leak only

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

LDS Functional Overview

Dynamic flow balance method

A simple LDS could be based upon detecting

an imbalance between a measured inlet flow
and a measured outlet flow (ie Net Volume
Line Balance)

Qin
PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

Qout

LDS Functional Overview

Ideal Pressure Control Upstream

Pu
Normal Pressure Profile
Pressure

Pressure Profile fully

developed due to leak
Pipe Length

With ideal pressure control upstream

UPD = PDCALC - PDMEAS
UPD
is Unexpected Pressure Downstream
PDCALC is Calculated Pressure Downstream
PDMEAS is Measured Pressure Downstream
UPD = 0 implies no leak

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

PDCALC
UPD
PDMEAS

LDS Functional Overview

Ideal Pressure Control Upstream

The pressure profile is capable of

indicating leaks, but
small leaks have minimal effect on
pressure
the leak cannot be located
difficult to filter out normal pressure
variations
Profiling the flow using flow control
downstream increases the model
accuracy

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

LDS Functional Overview

Pressure Profiling (Upstream Pressure Control)

Pu

Pressure

Pd

Normal Pressure Profile

Pressure Profile under
development due to leak (dashed
lines)
Pressure Profile fully
developed due to leak

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

Pipe Length

LDS Functional Overview

Ideal Flow Control Downstream

QUMEAS

Flow Profile fully developed

due to leak

UFU

QUCALC

Normal Flow Profile

Flow

Pipe Length

With ideal flow control downstream

UFU = QUMEAS - QUCALC
UFU
is Unexpected Flow Upstream
QUCALC
is Calculated Flow Upstream
QUMEAS
is Measured Flow Upstream
UFU = 0 implies no leak

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

LDS Functional Overview

Flow Profiling (Downstream Flow Control)

QU
QD

Flow Profile fully

developed due to leak

Normal Flow Profile

Flow Profile under development

due to leak (dashed lines)

Flow
Pipe Length

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

MODEL BASED LEAK

DETECTION

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

LDS Functional Overview

Response Time Series

response

leak
occurs

level 1

threshold

t1

t2

level 2

level 3

detection time
PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

time
event periods
level 4

response levels

PRESSURE DROP METHOD- leak notified

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

Typical leak sensitivity data on dynamic

flow
% leak

Location

time

2%

+ 10 km

20-30 mins

5%

+ 5 km

15-20 mins

10%

+ 2 km

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

5 mins

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

LEAK DETECTION & LOCATION MODULE

Sensing Pipeline Leakage and Location

BATCH TRACKING/INTERFACE ANALYSIS

Calculation of motion and position of batches

PIG TRACKING
Tracks Movement of pig

LOOK AHEAD MODEL

To predict future trends of pressures and flow with
respect to pump changes

PIPELINE EFFICIENCY
Recommends for cleaning of pipeline

PREDICTIVE MODEL
Simulates the hydraulic dynamics of the pipeline (Offline)

PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

SYSTEM RELIABILITY
1.

MAJOR EQUIPMENT LIKE PLC, SCADA SERVER

ARE AVAILABLE IN HOT STANDBY MODE. ONLY
STANDBY IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR RTUs.

2. FAILURE OF COMMUNICATION WILL INHIBIT

THE CONTROL COMMANDS. ALTERNATE HIRED
COMMUNICATION TO SCCs WILL HELP IN
OPERATING FROM MCC WITHOUT
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE .
3. STATION LEAKAGES CANNOT BE DETECTED.
CCTV WITH MOTION SENSOR GENERATE
ALARM
4.

PROPER MAINTENANCE OF STATION WITH TO

45
PIPELINE OPERATIONS THROUGH SCADA

SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND BENEFIT

OPERATIONAL INFORMATION AND CONTROL

Data is acquired from field sensors / instruments

Data is processed for monitoring and control of Engines/Motors,
Valves etc.
Supports operator decisions; reports and isolates abnormal
situations
Operator settable alarms for station from centralized master station
for pressure and flow
Emergency shutdown of entire pipeline from MCC in a defined
sequence starting from the terminal station so as to keep the line
pressurized .
Acquires and displays repeater data such as pressure, temperature,
MOV status, intrusion alarms.
The block valve under the respective station can be locally
controlled by the station control centre in case master-station
communication fails.

SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND BENEFIT

OPERATIONAL INFORMATION AND CONTROL

Data is communicated over dedicated

Communication channels to local and centrally
located system at remote
When the communication between master and
local station/ repeater fails, the system maintains
the previous state of operationi.e. there shall not
be operational shutdwn.
Communication
failure
indication
shall
be
messaged to the operator.
While controlling the SCC from MCC by way of
commands or change of set points, confirmation is
sought from the address before execution of
command/ change of set point takes place.
Bump less transfer from local station control to
Master station and Vice versa.
Can remotely prove the flow meters and effect
calibration factors.

SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND BENEFIT

MAINTENANCE BENEFITS

Data is stored as history

Archives data and alarms for future
analysis
Generates hourly and daily shift reports
Generates equipment running hour report
Acquires and displays parameters of CP
system such as power availability, PSP etc.
Remote and auto start of DG set in RCPs
Event database will maintain all alarms,
alarm
acknowledgements,
return
to
normal process, operator control actions.
On-line data base can be modified from
Master.
Permits security level log-ins.