Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
Vinay Kumar B M
INTRODUCTION
The term cross section is used to define the
Pavement surface
characteristics
PSC depends upon the pavement
type.
Pavement type is decided based upon :
availability of raw materials & funds
volume and composition of traffic
subgrade and climatic conditions
construction facilities and
Cost considerations
Friction
Friction between the wheel and the pavement
slipping of vehicles.
Skidding
coefficient of friction
The frictional force that develops between the wheel
Unevenness
It is always desirable to have an even surface, but
considered as good,
A value less than 2500 mm/km is satisfactory up to
Causes of unevenness
Improper compaction of fill, subgrade & pavement
layer.
Un-scientific construction practices.
Use of inferior pavement materials
Improper surface & sub-surface drainage.
Use of improper construction machinery
Poor maintenance practices
Light reflection
It is necessary that the road surface should be
D rainage
The
Further,
Camber
Camber or cant is the cross slope provided
to raise middle of the road surface in the
transverse direction to drain of rain water from
road surface.
Objectives
Surface protection especially for gravel and
bituminous roads
Types of camber
Parabolic
Straight line camber
Combination of them
Parabolic camber
concrete pavements
Combination of Two
camber at edge
TYPE OF ROAD
SURFACE
RANGE OF CAMBER
HEAVY
LIGHT
Concrete/High type
Bituminous surface
1 in 50(2%)
1 in 60(1.7%)
Thin Bituminous
surface
1 in 40(2.5%)
1 in 50(2%)
1 in 33(3%)
1 in 40(2.5%)
Earthen
1 in 25(4%)
1 in 33(3%)
Kerbs
Kerbs indicate the boundary between the
carriage way and the shoulder or footpaths.
Different types of kerbs are:
1. Low or mountable kerbs
2. Semi-barrier type kerbs
3. Barrier type kerbs
4. Submerged kerbs
provided.
Their height is 15cm above the pavement edge.
This
pavement edge.
Submerged kerbs
the pavement.
Road margins
The
Width of formation
Width of formation or roadway width is the
Right of way
Right of way (ROW) or land width is the width of
Medians
Medians are commonly used on major urban
Advantages of Medians
Primary Advantages
Operational Safety
Increased Capacity
Other Advantages
Smoothes and enhances the highway traffic flow
Decreases conflicts by providing a positive separation
of opposing lanes of traffic
Permits the regulation of traffic, through the prohibition
of certain movements
Controls the angles of conflict more adequately
Gives better indication to motorists of the proper use of
travel lanes and intersections
excessive
discomfort
passengers.
to
the
drivers
&
highways
2. Intersections of minor roads with major roads.
3. Selected
local streets
schools, colleges etc
residential
areas
Design
Design
Humps at T-Intersections