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DSL
BLOCK
DIAGRAM
What is DSL?
Digital Subscriber Line.
New modem technology.
Data transmission is based on digital encoding (digital).
Uses phone line so for the customer wiring (subscribers
line).
Use digital coding techniques to provide more capacity.
Allows high-speed Internet access over existing twistedpair and ordinary copper telephone wires.
What is DSL?
Provides "always-on" connection.
To transport high-bandwidth data.
A special hardware attached to both the user and switch
ends of line.
Advantages of DSL
High-speed.
Secure connection.
1995
-1998
--
What is ADSL?
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line.
Is a form of DSL.
A high-speed Internet access service.
Speed depends on the length and the diameter of the
cable and the type of the mode
Requires a special ADSL modem and an Internet
service provider (ISP) .
What is ADSL?
It is asymmetric since the data coming to your computer
from the Internet (download) is faster than the data
traveling from your computer to the Internet (upload).
Uses standard telephone lines.
Telephone can be used normally, even when surfing in
the Web with ADSL service.
An "always on" service.
Not available to everyone.
ADVANTAGES of ADSL
Quick connection.
Fast.
Use phone connection when connected to the internet.
No need for second phone line.
No dropped connections.
Always on connection.
Ability to download large files.
Save time.
Cost efficiency.
ADSL Modem
Modem parts
Analog parts
analog transmit and receiver filters
DAC, automatic gain control, ADC
Digital parts
modulation/demodulation
coding/decoding
Reed-Solomon
Trellis
bit packing/unpacking (compressed
transmission)
framing
scrambling
Modem technology
Cable Modem
Pros
Cons
Pros
Always on.
Far faster than 56kbps dial-up
modem.
Better security
than cable.
Setup can be
difficult.
Performance
depends on
location.
For business
users, higher
speeds get pricey.
More widespread
than DSL.
Potentially faster
than DSL.
Price break if you
get cable TV
service, too.
Cons
Less secure than
DSL.
Line shared with
others in
neighborhood;
speeds vary
accordingly.
Channel estimation
Interleavin
g
OFDM Transmitter
Modulation
(QAM)
Pilot
insertio
n
Serial to
Parallel
Paralle
l to
serial
Adding
Guard
interval
Pulse
shaping
D/A
RF
Tx
DMT modulation
OFDM Receiver
FFT
Binary Output
Error
correctio
n coding
Interleavin
g
Demodulation
(QAM)
Channel
Estimatio
n
Paralle
l to
serial
Deleting
Guard
interval
Filter
A/D
Time and
frequency
Synchronisatio
n
RF Rx
ASx: high-speed,downstream
simplex nx1.54Mb/s
LSx: low-speed, duplex
channels 160576 kb/s
crc: cyclic redundancy check
FEC f,i: (fast,interleaved):
forward error correction
scram f,i: scrambling
ATU-C: ADSL transmitter unit central office
V-C interface
ATU-C
transmitter
upstream
If 2B1Q ISDN
downstream
upstream
If 4B3T ISDN
upstream
2B1Q ISDN
4B3T ISDN
50
120 kHz
POTS
10 20
80 kHz
1104 kHz
downstream
276 kHz
138 kHz
25 kHz
carrier
downstream
100
150
200
Pilot
Sub-carrier spacing is 4.3125 kHz - 256 total sub-carriers
Sub-carrier
Frequency
Meaning
0
0 Hz
DC-not used for data
5
25 kHz lower limit for upstream data
18
80 kHz Approx limit for 2B1Q ISDN
28
120 kHz
Approx. Limit for 4B3T ISDN
32
138 kHz
upper limit for upstream data
64
276 kHz
Pilot - not used for data
256
1104 kHz
Nyqvist - not used for data
250
Distance Limitations
ADSL is a distance-sensitive technology
The limit for ADSL service is 18,000 feet (5,460
meters)
At the extremes of the distance limits, ADSL
customers may see speeds far below the
promised maximums
customers nearer the central office have faster
connections and may see extremely high
speeds
PSTN
(Plain Old
Telephone
Service )
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
Frequency plan for ADSL. The red area is the frequency range
used by normal voice telephony (PSTN), the green (upstream)
and blue (downstream) areas are used for ADSL.
BANWIDTH NOTATION
Monthly quota of data.
Upload/download.
Monthly bandwidth allowance will be measured in
Megabytes or Gigabytes.
The amount of bandwidth you need depends on how
frequently use the internet.
Question!
Distance is a limitation for DSL, why it's
not also a limitation for voice telephone
calls ?
Answer!
The answer lies in small amplifiers called
loading coils that the telephone company
uses to boost voice signals
these loading coils are incompatible with
ADSL signals, so a voice coil in the loop
between your telephone and the
telephone company's central office will
disqualify you from receiving ADSL.
ADSL :
customer disqualifying factors
Bridge taps - These are extensions, between you and the
central office, that extend service to other customers. While
you wouldn't notice these bridge taps in normal phone
service, they may take the total length of the circuit beyond
the distance limits of the service provider.
Fiber-optic cables - ADSL signals can't pass through the
conversion from analog to digital and back to analog that
occurs if a portion of your telephone circuit comes through
fiber-optic cables.
Distance - Even if you know where your central office is
(don't be surprised if you don't -- the telephone companies
don't advertise their locations), looking at a map is no
indication of the distance a signal must travel between your
house and the office.
CP
repeater
Switch or
multiplexer
ADSL
LT
MDF
NID
repeater
NT
TE
Local loop
ATU-R
ATU-C
POTS phones
Digital/analog switch
Next generation intelligent switch recognizes subscriber devices and adjusts its HW
parameters (PSTN telephone, voice-band modem, DSL modem)
Using digital
switch
Using
DSLAM
Using
ADSL
Cross connections
PC
units
interfaces
ADSL challenge:
bad quality local loop cables
Attenuation
Crosstalk
Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) appears when same frequency band used
for UL and DL - between A-A
Far-end crosstalk (FEXT) appears in the link A-B
Interference: other lines, overlapping RF-spectra
Bridged taps, loading coils
Weather-conditions (moisture, temperature) affect crosstalk and line
impedance
Cable attenuation
Distance
km
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.3
3.5
Line rate
Mb/s
asymm
50
30
25
15
10
3
Line rate
Mb/s
symm
22
13
10
6
2
1
One interferer
Cn
136 Mb/s
323 Mb/s
386 Mb/s
24 interferer
Cn
79 Mb/s
253 Mb/s
316 Mb/s
<-Theory
ADSL frames
Indicator bits
Asx: any one of the simplex bearer channels AS0, AS1, AS2 or AS3
LSx: any one of the duplex bearer channels LS0, LS1 or LS2
NTR: Network Timing Reference: 8 kHz reference transmitted downstream
aoc: ADSL overhead control channel
eoc: embedded operations channel
FEC Encoder/Interleaver
The interleave buffer convolutionally
interleaves the Reed-Solomon codewords.
The depth of the interleaving varies, but it
is consistently a power of 2. The FEC
coding can reliably correct occasional
errors if the data is interleaved.
VDSL
Very high bit-rate Digital Line Subscriber.
Next generation DSL.
Entire home-entertainment package .
Very high bandwidth.
Shorter distance, faster connection.
Coding based on Discrete Multitone (DMT) and
Quadature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
Is not literally deployed yet
xDSL- systems
V.90
56 kbps DL, 33.6 kbps UL
signaling analog
for speech network
ISP
Internet Service Provider
ISP
A company.
Access to the internet.
Monthly fee.
Software package.
User name, password and access phone
number.
Modem.
Log-on.
ISP
Individuals and large companies.
Connected to one another through Network
Access Points (NAPs).
Examples:
Superonline
E-kolay.
Atlas On-Line.
Tr-Net.
ROUTING
Device.
WIRELESS ADSL
Without any cable it provides broadband data transfer.
This service using at hotspots such as airports, hotels,
shopping centers, universities, conference halls etc.
If you have WLAN technology in your laptop, phone or
etc. You can use this service.
If you don not have this technology in your pc you can
take a card that has the wi-fi (wireless fidelity ) capability
and fix it to your pc than you can use this service.
Uses access point which is a wireless access device to
spread the adsl connections.
CABLE MODEM
CABLE MODEM
Provides high-speed Internet access through a cable
television network.
TV cables provide much higher bandwidth.
Upstream/downstream.
Asymmetric.
Coaxial cable line.
It can be external devices nearly computer or integrated
within a computer .
Always on connection.
WAP/GPRS
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol ).
Allows users to access information instantly with
handheld wireless devices.
Internet content in special text format.
Low-bandwidth.
Uses WML format for small screens and one-hand
navigation without a keyboard .
GPRS
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service).
Uses existing GSM network.
Transmit and receive data from GPRS mobile devices.
Runs at speeds up to 115 kilobits per second.
Supports a wide range of bandwidths.
Efficient use of limited bandwidth.
Provides always online connection.
GPRS
Comparing modem
technologies
ADSL standards
Hierarchy of
standards
Standards
International level
Regional/national level
Multi-corporate level
Corporate level
-examples: ITU: International Telecommunications Union yields recommendations that may be adapted by companies
Semiconductors &
devices:
www.adsl.com
International/national
standardization: ITU,
ETSI, ANSI ...
See also:
http://www.ktl.com/testing/telecoms/xdsl-standards.htm
G.full
G.lite
UAWG: Universal ADSL working group - strives to make ADSL more
commercially adaptable
SNAG: Service network architecture group