Transformations in Europe,

1500 - 1750

I. Culture and Ideas

A. Religious Reformation

Papacy St. Peters Basilica

Indulgences
Martin Luther (1483 1546)
Salvation from faith in Jesus
Christ not works
Rejection of papal authority
Protestant Reformation
Bible, printing press
German support/nationalism

Religious Reformation Continued

John Calvin (1509 1564)
Faith not enough, salvation a gift
from God predestined
Organization, lifestyle
Religious movements connected
to political circumstances
Trent Catholic Reformation
Jesuits
Wars of Religion

B. Traditional Thinking and Witch Hunts

Folklore/magic
Christian teachings miracles, devils, etc.
Natural events supernatural causes
Lisbon 1755
Accused women and their fates
Reformations focus on the Devil
Fear of independent women
Womens sphere of influence

C. The Scientific Revolution

Influence of Greco Roman sources/Bible

Aristotle four elements and physics
Pythagoras
Scientific Revolution observation
Nicholas Copernicus (1473 1543)
heliocentric universe
Tycho Braches and Johannes Kepler
elliptical orbits

The Scientific Revolution

Continued

Galileo Galilei (1564 1642) telescope

Challenge to religious/traditional beliefs
Galileos view of Gods truth
Jesuits, Roman Inquisition, The Starry
Messenger
Robert Boyle chemistry
Isaac Newton (1642 1727) common physics,
law of gravity
Hostility of the church, challenges to authority

D. The Early Enlightenment

Laws of human behavior Enlightenment

Resistance to Enlightenment thinkers
Reaction against religious violence
Appreciation of non Western examples
of governance/behavior
Optimistic about future of human
behavior/institutions

II. Social and Economic Life

A. The Bourgeoisie
Population growth in
London, Paris
Bourgeoisie
work/lifestyle
Netherlands textile
industry, used foreign
raw materials, publishing
endeavors
Amsterdam
commercial fleets
dominated overseas
trade during 1600s

Merchant ships fluit,

East Indiaman
Dutch banks
investments, capital
Cartography

The Bourgeoisie continued

Family connections/merchant colonies in
European cities
Alliances with monarchies
Joint stock companies
Stock exchanges
Canals
British/Dutch competition English supremacy
Gentry alliances with old nobility; exemption
from taxes

B. Peasants and Laborers

Decline of serfdom/slavery in Western Europe
relation to the Americas
Challenges to peasants Little Ice Age
Impact of new crops from Americas by 1700
Exports of wheat
Deforestation coke (1709), impact on peasants
Spinning yarn
Migration to cities - no relief from poverty
Rebellions of the poor in Early Modern Europe
resentment against privileged/landowning
classes, exemption from taxation

C. Women and the Family

Women lower than men but mitigated by
class/wealth
Importance of a good marriage
Choice in marriage/reasons for age
Abandoned children/rape
Solid education for sons languages,
business
Exclusion/participation of women in
Renaissance, Scientific Rev.,
Enlightenment

III. Political Innovations

A. State Development
Political diversity
Holy Roman Empire
German
Charles V Habsburg
united Christian Europe vs.
Ottomans
French/German opposition
German Wars of Religion
and the Peace of Augsburg
(1555)
France, Spain, England
strengthening central
authority

B. Religious Policies
Spain/France defended Catholicism
(Spanish Inquisition)
French Wars of Religion Henry of
Navarre, Edict of Nantes
England Henry VIII, Catherine of
Aragon, support of Parliament to make
English monarch head of Church of
England
Disbanding of monasteries/church lands
Not as many reforms as English Puritans
wanted

C. Monarchies in England and

France
England Charles I disbanded Parliament,
needed help to gather taxes, Parliament
wanted guarantees of rights English Civil
War in 1642
Charles I executed, Oliver Cromwell instated,
eventually Charles II restored
James II a Catholic threat
Queen Mary and William of Orange
Glorious Revolution of 1688
English Bill of Rights 1689

Monarchies in England and France

Continued

Estates General
Monarchs sold
appointments/efficient tax
collection
Louis XIV Palace of Versailles,
kept political intrigues out of Paris
French model widely admired
John Lock (1632 1704)
disputed divine right of monarchs,
authority from consent of the
governed

D. Warfare and Diplomacy

Warfare common in Early Modern period

Expensive/destructive
Thirty Years War (1618 1648)
European armed forces much stronger larger
armies, centralized command structures,
training, fortifications
Stalemates navy
Henry VIII investment in navy, influence of the
Dutch, creation of Great Britain
Prevented Spain/France from uniting
Balance of power

E. Paying the Piper

Post 1600 states needed more
revenue for militaries
Alliances with rising commercial elite
needed space AND support
Spanish wars, religious expulsions,
and aristocratic exemption from taxes
American gold/silver inflation
Netherlands revolted against Spanish
policies 1648 achieved full
independence

Paying the Piper Continued

United Netherlands decentralized
excelled in trade, commercial interests
Rise of the English navy/merchant ships
English financial revolution taxed
aristocracy, collected taxes directly, central
bank
France some adjustments but stifled by
aristocracy