Atmospheric

RADAR
Signal Processing

EXTERNAL GUIDE :

INTERNAL GUIDE :

D R . T.V.C . S A R M A ,

MR. RALPH THANGARAJ,

(SCIENTIST/ENGINEER - SG)

VELLORE INSTITUTE OF
T E C H N O L O G Y,

N ATI O N A L ATM O S P H E R I C
R E S E A R C H L A B O R ATO R Y,
D E PAR T M E N T O F S PAC E

S E N S E D E PART M E N T
( A S S O C I ATE P R O F E S S O R )

PR ES EN T ED BY :
B. LOKESH
1 3 M C E 1 0 28

Outline
Introduction
MST radar
Research proposal
Literature survey
Continuous wave radar and pulse radar
Range
Range resolution
Pulse compression - Types

Introduction
RADAR-

Radio Detection and Ranging

Radars generally operated at frequency about 220MHz -35GHz

VHF = 30M - 300MHz
UHF = 300M - 3GHz
SHF = 3G - 30GHz
Two types of radar systems
1. Continuous Wave Radar

2. Pulse radar

MST Radar

Research Proposal
The aim is transmitted wave is back scattered by radio refractive
index irregularities due clear air turbulence(CAT) towards the radar
and it is received by the same antenna in the case of Monostatic
system by using duplexer
The received echo is processed through superhetrodyne receiver
followed by quadrature detection with LPF. The In-phase and
Quadrature phase outputs are digitized and pass through matched
filter and it is coherently integrated over inter pulse period
The resultant is finally subjected to spectral moment estimation,
we obtain parameters such as power, Doppler shift and spectral
width

Specifications of MST
Radar :
NARL, Gadanki
Operating Frequency = 53MHz (VHF)
Transmitted power =2.5Mw
Pulse width = 1 to 32 micro sec
Duty cycle = 2.5%
Average power = 7x 108 Wm2
Pulse repetition Frequency = 62.5 Hz-8 kHz
1024 Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in 32 X 32 square grid of
0.7 spacing

Literature survey
Atmospheric Layers
How echoes received from Atmospheric Layers ?
Radar range equations for hard target and distributed targets
Ionospheric exploration
Range resolution
Pulse compression
Radar receiver processing?
Matched filter
Power, Doppler and spectral width

Continuous Wave Radar

Tx Antenna

CW
RF
Oscillator

OUT

Bistatic: Rt + Rr = c
Detector

Indicator

AMP

Mixer

IN

Rx Antenna

Employs continual RADAR transmission

Separate transmit and receive antennas

Relies on the DOPPLER SHIFT

Pulse Radar
PRT

Frequency = 53MHz
Carrier Freq.

Listening
Time

Transmitted power
=2.5Mw
Pulse width = 1 to 32
micro sec
Duty cycle = 2.5%
Average power = 7x 108
Wm2

PW

PRT=1/PRF

Pulse repetition = 62.5

Hz-8 kHz
frequency

AMP

Driver,MOD,OSC
TUBE

Transmitter

CT R
Monostatic: R = (Rt = Rr = R)

RF

Synchron
izer

RF
ENERG
Y

Ou
t

Indicator

ANT.

In

Duplexer

Receiver
Antenna Control

Ech
o

Power
Supply

Range
Doppler
shift
Direction
Altitude

Range
The distance of the target can be calculated from the
R = ct/2 meters
To target short range has to transmit pulses with short duration,
small listen period (4500 pulses per sec )
For long distances, pulses with large duration with more listen
period ( 900 pulses per sec )

Maximum Unambiguous
Range
The range corresponds to two-way time delay is
known as maximum unambiguous range

Tx
pulse

T3

T2

T1
Echo 1

Echo 2

Rx echo
pulse
t

R1 = c t /2
Unambiguous range

R2 = c (T+t) /2

Range Resolution R1
cT

R2

c T/4

3 c T/2

R2

R1

c T/2

cT

cT

Pulse Compression
To increase the average transmitted power long pulse is used
It leads to degrade in range resolution
To overcome this problem pulse compression is used
Pulse compression is achieved by modulating the pulse

Pulse compression
Frequency

linear

Non linear

Phase or Biphase

Barker

Complimentary
or Golays code

Linear FM

Non Linear FM

Comparison of Linear and Non

linear FM
LFM

has more side lobes

NLFM has less side lobes

t=0.02T ( Two Targets)

t=0.025T

t=0.035T

t=0.02T (SNR -15dB)

Barker Coding
Pulse
coding

Tx signal

Barker
code
response

t=0.25t (Two Targets)

t=0.5t

t=0.75t

t=t

t=1.25t

t=1.5t

t=1.75t

t=2t

t=0.25t (SNR -15dB)

Complimentary Coding
Two length L unimodular sequences x(t) and y(t) are
Golay complementary if the sum of their
autocorrelation functions satisfies

t=1.5t (Two Targets)

t=1.75t

t=2t

t=2.25t

t=1.5t (SNR -21dB)

Comparison of Barker and

complimentary code

Barker code having symmetrical side lobes

Complimentary codes totally eliminates the side lobes

Weaker targets also resolved in complimentary

References:
1.

Middle atmosphere program, hand book for map edited by S. Fukao

2.

A short history of radar leading to atmospheric profiling, B.B.Balsley,CIRES, University of Colorado,2012

3.

Radar observation of winds and turbulence in the Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ronald F. woodman and
Alberto Guillen,1974

4.

Spectral moment estimation in MST radars, Ronald. F. Woodman, 1985

5.

Historical Aspects of Radar Atmospheric Dynamics, by S. Kato

6.

Gravity Waves and Instabilities in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere, J. Klostermeyer

Text Books:
6. Introduction to radar systems , Merrill I. Skolnik
7. Radar system analysis and design , by Bassem R. Mahafza

Thank You