T R A N S LATIO N

I love your
kisses
Me encantan tus
besos

DEFINITIONS
The process of changing something that is
written or spoken into another language.
Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary. 7th Edition

Translation is the replacement of a text in

one language by a replacement of an
equivalent text in a second language.
(Meetham and Hudson, 1972: 713)

DEFINITIONS
Translation is the replacement of textual
material in one language (SL) by
equivalent textual material in another
language (TL).
(Catford, 1965: 20)

TYPES OF TRANSLATION
LITERAL.
Literal translation occurs when there is
an exact structural, lexical, even
morphological equivalence between two
languages. According to the authors, this
is only possible when the two languages
are very close to each other.
OBLIQUE.
Oblique translation occurs when word
for word translation is impossible.

TYPES OF TRANSLATION
LITERAL.
The literal translation procedures are:
BORROWING
CALQUE
LITERAL TRANSLATION

 Borrowing.
A word taken directly from another
language.
e.g. sandwich, software, punk, opera
I went to an opera concert last night
Anoche fui a un concierto de pera

 Calque.
A foreign word or phrase translated
and
incorporated
into
another
language
e.g. baseball-bisbol, weekend-fin de
semana
He practices baseball every weekend
l practica bisbol cada fin de semana

 Literal translation.
Word for word translation
e.g. The ink is on the table (ENGLISH)
Fr. Lencre est sur la table.
Sp. La tinta est sobre la mesa

TYPES OF TRANSLATION
OBLIQUE.
The oblique translation procedures are:
TRANSPOSITION
MODULATION
EQUIVALENCE
ADAPTATION

 TRANSPOSITION.
A shift (change) of word class. This is the
process where parts of speech change
their sequence when they are translated
(blue ball becomes boule bleue in French).
e.g. English Hand knitted (noun +
participle) becomes Spanish Tejido a mano
(participle + adverbial phrase).

Like
modulation,
transposition
in
Spanish translationis a technique that is
a by-product of linguistics. It is
specifically derived from the theoretical
branch of syntactical analysis known as
generative
or
transformational
grammar.
Transposition consists of replacing one part of
speech with another without changing the
meaning of the text. Transposition in Spanish
translation allows an adverb to be replaced by
a verb, a noun or an adjective; a past participle
to be replaced by a noun, a verb by an
adjective, an adjective by a noun, a possessive
by a definite article, etc.

e.g, when the Mexican border is translated

into La frontera con Mxico, the adjective
Mexican is replaced by the noun Mxico.

 MODULATION.
Modulation consists of using a phrase that is
different in the source and target languages
to convey the same idea. Modulation is a
shift in cognitive categories
e.g. 0ne hundred miles 160.93 kilometros
Te lo dejomeans literallyI leave it to youbut
translates better asYou can have it.

 EQUIVALENCE.
(also
called
REFORMULATION)
This accounts for the same situation using a
completely different phrase
e.g. the translation of proverbs or idiomatic
expressions like, Like father, like son and
De tal palo, tal astilla

e.g. the translation of movies titles,

White chicks and Dnde estn las
rubias

 ADAPTATION.
A shift in cultural environment.

e.g. to express the message using a different

situation. Cycling for the French, Cricket for
the English, Baseball for the Americans
Jai practic ciclysme I went to play baseball