NAME: NURUL NAJWA BINTI MOHAMAD (176042)

LECTURERS NAME: DR. Vahid Nimehchisalem

229: ENGLISH WORLD-WIDE

4. SOUTH ASIA, 5. SINGAPORE, MALAYSIA, HONG KONG,
6. THE CARRIBEAN, 7. CANADA

PAGE 317-322

4. SOUTH ASIA
Indian features of pronunciation, vocabulary, and syntax British
regarded with condescension during the days of the Empire, have
received more appropriately neutral descriptions from linguists.

Certain pronunciations >> systematic influence of Indian

languages.

In some varieties of Indian English, [v] and [w] are not

distinguished, and [t], [d], [l], and [r] are pronounced with
refrolection.

 Indian English is rich in coinages eg, speed money bribe,

bakshish tip.

The future of English in India and South Asia will be determined

by a complex set of social, political, and linguistic forces.

English transitional language with Hindi until 1965 but

continued to be used as an official language

Spoken and written by minority of the Indian society

The variety of English recognized as standard in India, Pakistan

and in Bangladesh and will continued to be affected by the culture

and native languages in South Asia and serve as the medium for
Western influences on the culture.

5. SINGAPORE, MALAYSIA,
HONG KONG
MALAYSIA

The development of English as a second language is because of

the influence of background languages (the Chinese dialects

Hokkien, Cantonese, and Mandarin; Malay and the southern
Indian Tamil) and effects of different language policies instituted
by the governments.

Malay peninsula has been among the most important trading areas
>> mixed cultures and once ruled by the Portuguese, the Dutch,
and the British.

 Singapore was separated from the main land >> English

used as a language of government, business, and
education.

A policy of promoting Bahasa Malay as the official

language made the usage of English decreased (it was
hard to compete internationally in commerce.

Recently, the Malaysian government has reemphasize

English.

Singapore
English as one of the four official languages and the main
medium for administration, commerce, industry, and education
>> prospered in International trade and domestic economy.

However, Lee Kuan Yew expressed concern over the loss of

Asian values and began to promote the use of Mandarin.
English is for getting on in life, for practical use. But for moral
behavior we must learn Chinese, our own language.

 Malaysia and Singapore >> the tensions between the

international language and the language of ethnic and
cultural identity. Bilingualism and multilingualism will be
essential to both countries in the future.

Hong Kong
Similar with Singapore because of its British colonial history.
The main difference is homogeneous population (97% Chinese)
English is much less frequently used for oral communication among Hong
Kongs Cantonese-speaking Chinese than among the Chinese in Singapore.

Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia (Similarities)

 The lack of an ending to mark the third person singular present

tense of the verb (the omission). E.g., This coffee house very
cheap, in contrast with standard British and American English
This coffee house is very cheap and as an auxiliary My brother
working, instead of My brother is working.

In phonology, British and American English is with a stress-timed

rhythm. Stressed syllables recur at equal intervals, unstressed
syllables are unequally spaced in time (including Singaporean
English, syllables recur at equal intervals of time, stressed or
unstressed.)

6. THE CARIBBEAN
Rise a question whether Jamaican Creole is a separate language or
a point of continuum that is charged political question with
implications for educational policy, the legal system, and the mass
media.

Spanish presence during the 16th century (can be seen in Puerto

Rico), both Spanish and English survive side by side as well as in
Belize, Panama and Guyana.

However, for most of the anglophone Caribbean islands (Jamaica,

Barbados, Trinidad, and Tobago) the most relevant languages
are those of the west coast of Africa.

 Ewe, Twi, Efik, Yoruba, Ibo, Hausa, and other African languages
used by slaves (17th, 18th, 19th centuries)

Final syllables in Jamaican Creole frequently have rising tone,

reflecting the West African Tone language spoken by the slaves
(carried their own phonology into their reinterpretation of a
Germanic language with light and heavy stresses).

Forms of nyam (to eat) Verbs in Wolof and Fula

Na:ma (flesh, meat) Noun to food in Hausa
One of the most characteristic Jamaicanisms, juk (to prick, poke,
spur, jab, or stab) to F. G. Cassidys suggestion of Fula Jukka (to
spur, poke, or knock down).

 Part if the vitality of Caribbean English is in the formation of

compounds loan-translations of African metaphors: door mouth (a

doorway).
The speech of the Rastafari has given new forms to pronouns: you is
eliminated for being divisive and I and I is used instead, as well as for
I and for me.
Jamaican English received the words reggae and ska.
The example of Jamican English:
mi granma chier
my grandmothers chair
Him did go down Hope Ruod
He/she went down Hope Road

7. CANADA
Has more common with United States while retaining a few
features of British pronunciation and spelling.

British items (chips, serviette, and copse) frequently in the west.

American items ( French fries, napkin, and grove) East
British spellings (eg, colour and pronunciations (schedule)) occurs
throughout Canada among more highly educated and older
speakers.

 There are number of words with meanings that are peculiarly

Canadian. Aboiteau (dam), Bluenose (Nova Scotian), Creditiste

(member of the Social Credit party), Digby chicken (smoke-cured
herring) and etc.

The Dictionary of Canadianisms published in Canadas Centennial

Year allows historical linguists to establish the sources of
Canadian English.

Many early settlers in Canada came from United States and the
influence has always been strong.

It is difficult to differentiate what belongs to Canada from what

belongs to the United States and General North American.