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  • Aproksimasi Orbital Atom Berelektron Banyak

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    Maniz Puus
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    The document discusses the principles for constructing atomic orbital configurations for polyelectronic atoms, including: (1) Electrons are placed into hydrogen-like atomic orbitals according to the Aufbau principle, which states that orbitals are filled starting from the lowest energy; (2) The Pauli exclusion principle allows only two electrons per orbital; (3) Orbitals are filled in the order of 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, etc. This orbital filling scheme gives rise to the modern periodic table.

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    The document discusses the principles for constructing atomic orbital configurations for polyelectronic atoms, including: (1) Electrons are placed into hydrogen-like atomic orbitals according to the Aufbau principle, which states that orbitals are filled starting from the lowest energy; (2) The Pauli exclusion principle allows only two electrons per orbital; (3) Orbitals are filled in the order of 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, etc. This orbital filling scheme gives rise to the modern periodic table.

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    51 views22 pages

    Aproksimasi Orbital Atom Berelektron Banyak

    Uploaded by

    Maniz Puus
    The document discusses the principles for constructing atomic orbital configurations for polyelectronic atoms, including: (1) Electrons are placed into hydrogen-like atomic orbitals according to the Aufbau principle, which states that orbitals are filled starting from the lowest energy; (2) The Pauli exclusion principle allows only two electrons per orbital; (3) Orbitals are filled in the order of 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, etc. This orbital filling scheme gives rise to the modern periodic table.

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    of 22

    Aproksimasiorbitalatom

    berelektronbanyak
    Outline:
    Spin
    TheAufbauPrinciple
    FillinguporbitalsandthePeriodicTable

    Spin
    Furtherexperiments
    demonstratedtheneed
    foronemorequantum
    number.
    Specifically,some
    particles(electronsin
    particular)
    demonstratedinherent
    angularmomentum.

    Spin(cont.)
    ms=1/2

    ms=1/2

    Thenewquantum
    numberisms
    (analogoustoml).
    Fortheelectron,ms
    hastwovalues:
    +1/2and1/2

    TheAufbauPrincipal
    Forpolyelectronicatoms,adirectsolutionofthe
    SchrodingerEq.isnotpossible.
    Whenweconstructpolyelectronicatoms,weuse
    thehydrogenatomorbitalnomenclaturetodiscuss
    inwhichorbitalstheelectronsreside.
    Thisisanapproximation(anditissurprisinghow
    wellitactuallyworks).

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)
    Whenplacingelectronsintoorbitalsinthe
    constructionofpolyelectronicatoms,weusethe
    AufbauPrinciple.

    Thisprinciplestatesthatinadditiontoadding
    protonsandneutronstothenucleus,onesimply
    addselectronstothehydrogenlikeatomicorbitals
    Pauliexclusionprinciple:Notwoelectronsmay
    havethesamequantumnumbers.Therefore,only
    twoelectronscanresideinanorbital
    (differentiatedbyms).

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)
    Finally,orbitalsarefilledstartingfromthelowest
    energy.
    Example:Hydrogen
    1s1
    1s

    2s

    2p

    Example:Helium(Z=2)
    1s2
    1s

    2s

    2p

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)
    Lithium(Z=3)
    1s22s1
    1s

    2s

    Berillium(Z=4)

    2p
    1s22s2

    1s

    2s

    2p

    Boron(Z=5)
    1s22s22p1
    1s

    2s

    2p

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)
    Carbon(Z=6)
    1s22s22p2
    1s

    2s

    2p

    HundsRule:Lowestenergyconfigurationis
    theoneinwhichthemaximumnumberofunpairedelectrons
    aredistributedamongstasetofdegenerateorbitals.

    Nitrogen(Z=7)
    1s22s22p3
    1s

    2s

    2p

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)
    Oxygen(Z=8)
    1s22s22p4
    1s

    Fluorine(Z=9)

    2s

    2p
    1s22s22p5

    1s

    2s

    2p

    Neon(Z=10)
    1s22s22p6
    1s

    2s

    2p

    full

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)
    Sodium(Z=11)
    Ne

    1s22s22p63s1

    [Ne]3s1

    3s

    Argon(Z=18)
    [Ne]3s23p6

    Ne
    3s

    3p

    Supposetherearefourpossiblespinvaluesinsteadof
    two.Inthiscase,whatwouldbetheelectron
    configurationofCl?
    A. 1s42s42p9
    B.1s22s22p63s23p5
    C.1s32s32p93s2
    D.1s62s62p5

    Whichofthefollowingelectronconfiguration
    representsanexcitedstateofN?
    A.1s22s22p3
    B.1s22s22p23s1
    C.1s22s32p2
    D.1s22s22p2

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)
    Wenowhavetheorbitalconfigurationsforthefirst18elements.

    Elementsinsamecolumnhavethesame#ofvalenceelectrons!

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)
    SimilartoSodium,webeginthenextrowoftheperiodic
    tablebyaddingelectronstothe4sorbital.
    Whynot3dbefore4s?
    3disclosertothenucleus
    4sallowsforcloser
    approach;therefore,is
    energeticallypreferred.

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)
    ElementsZ=19andZ=20:
    Z=19,Potassium:1s22s22p63s23p64s1=[Ar]4s1
    Z=20,Calcuim:1s22s22p63s23p64s2=[Ar]4s2

    ElementsZ=21toZ=30haveoccupieddorbitals:
    Z=21,Scandium:1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1=[Ar]4s23d1
    Z=24,Chromium:[Ar]4s13d5

    exception

    Z=30,Zinc:1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10=[Ar]4s23d10

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)

    Thisorbitalfillingschemegivesrisetothemodern
    periodictable.

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)

    AfterLanthanum([Xe]6s25d1),westartfilling4f.

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)

    AfterActinium([Rn]7s26d1),westartfilling5f.

    Whatistheelectronconfigurationfortheindicatedelement?

    A.1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3

    B.1s22s22p63s23p64s24d3

    C.1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2

    D.1s22s22p73s23p64s23d2

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)

    Headingoncolumngiventotalnumberofvalence
    electrons.

    TheAufbauPrincipal(cont.)

    Summary
    Electronsgointo
    hydrogenlikeorbitals
    toconstruct
    polyelectronicatoms.
    Rememberthe
    adjacenttrickfor
    rememberinghowto
    fillorbitals.

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