4123702

Data Communications System

By
Ajarn Preecha Pangsuban

Part 1
Overview of Data Communications and
Networking
Chapter 1
Brief description of data communication, networking,
and protocol standards

Chapter 2
Network models

4123702 Data Communications System @YRU

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Data Communication
Why study data communications?
Data communication is the exchange of data

between two devices via a transmission medium

Effectiveness depends on:

Delivery
Accuracy
Timeliness

4123702 Data Communications System @YRU

Communication System Components

4123702 Data Communications System @YRU

Data Representation
Text represented as a bit pattern, a sequence

of bit (0s or 1s); codes often used:

ASCII; Extended ASCII; Unicode; ISO

Numbers represented by binary equivalent

Images bit patterns representing pixels
Audio

Video

4123702 Data Communications System @YRU

A Communications Model

Transmission
Network
DTE

DCE

DCE

DTE

DTE: Data Terminal Equipment

DCE: Data communication Equipment
4123702 Data Communications System @YRU

Simplified Communications Model

4123702 Data Communications System @YRU

Simplified Data Communications Model

4123702 Data Communications System @YRU

Simplified Network Model

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Direction of Data Flow

Simplex unidirectional; one transmits, other

receives

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Direction of Data Flow (cont)

Half-duplex each can transmit/receive;

communication must alternate

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Direction of Data Flow (cont)

Full-duplex both can transmit/receive

simultaneously

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Networks

A network is set of devices (nodes) connected

by communication links (media)

A node can be a computer,printer,or other

device capable of sending and/or receiving data
Link connecting the devices are often called
communication channels

Most network use distributed processing

Advantages?

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Network Criteria (Standard)

Performance depends on number of users, type

of medium, HW/SW
Reliability measured by freq of failure, recovery

time, catastrophe vulnerability

Security protection from unauthorized access,

viruses/worms

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Types of Connections
Point-to-point dedicated link

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Types of Connections (cont)

Multipoint (Multidrop) shared a single link

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Physical Topology
The way in which a network is laid out physically
4 basic types: mesh, star, bus, ring
May often see hybrid

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Mesh Topology
Dedicated point-to-point

links to every other device

Has n(n-1)/2 physical
channel to link n devices
Devices have n-1 I/O
Advantages?
Disadvantages?

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Star Topology
Dedicated point-to-point

links to central controller

(hub)
Controller acts as
exchange
Advantages ?
Disadvantages ?

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Bus Topology
Multipoint configuration
One cable acts as a backbone to link all devices
Advantages ?
Disadvantages ?

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Ring Topology
Dedicated point-to-point configuration to neighbors
Signal is passed from device to device until it reaches

destination
Each device functions as a repeater
Advantages ?
Disadvantages?

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Categories of Networks

LAN smaller geographical area

WAN large geographical area

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Local Area Network

Usually privately owned and links the devices in a

single office, building, or campus

LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
LANs are designed to allow resources to be shared

(hardware , software and data )

Today LANs to have data rates of 100 Mbps to 10Gbps
Backbone Networks (BN), have a scale of a few

hundred meters to a few kilometers. Include a high

speed backbone linking the LANs at various locations.
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Figure 1-2

Local Area Network (cont)

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Figure 1-2

Local Area Network (cont)

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Wide Area Network

WAN provides long distance transmission of

data, voice, image, and video information over

large geographical areas
Comprise a country, a continent, or even the

whole world (Interlink age of many LANs and

MANs)
Low data transmission rate (below 1 Mbps)

Unlimited number of miles example: Internet

Network
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Figure 1-4

Wide Area Network (cont)

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Internetworks
Connection of two or more networks by the use of

internetworking devices which include routers and

gateways
Internet is a generic term used to mean an
interconnection of networks
The Internet is the name of a specific worldwide

network.

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Figure 1-5

Internetworks (cont)

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The Internet
Collaboration of more than hundreds of

thousands interconnected networks

1969 started as ARPAnet, a small network of
connected computers
1972 - Cerf and Khan packet delivery and
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Shortly thereafter evolution of TCP/IP

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The Internet today

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Protocols and Standards

Why do we need them?
A protocol is a set of rules that governs data

communication; the key elements of a protocol are

Syntax data formats and Signal levels

Semantics control information and error handling

Timing speed matching and sequencing

Standards are necessary to ensure that products

from different manufacturers can work together as

expected.
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Standards
Types

De jure (Formal) legislated by an officially recognized

body
De facto by convention or widespread use
Standards Organizations
Committees ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, and EIA
Forums special-interest groups that quickly evaluate
and standardize new technologies
regulatory agencies FCC
Internet Standards
Drafts (6 month lifetime)
RFC is an idea or concept that is a precursor to an
Internet standard.

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Credits
All figures obtained from publisher-provided

instructor downloads
Data Communications and Networking, 3rd edition by
Behrouz A. Forouzan. McGraw Hill Publishing, 2004

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