COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION

TESTS AMONG DIESEL, BIODIESEL (SOYBEAN) AND

ANTI OXIDIZED BIODIESEL AS FUELS IN CI ENGINE

Under the guidance

of
Sri. P. CHENGA REDDY

BATCH:
1) K. SHAMANTH KUMAR
2) NAMBURI SANDEEP
3) NARAYANA SAKETH
4) P. RAMA KRISHNA
5) P. V. MANIKANTH
6) S. S. V .VISHNU DEEPAK

Why Biodiesel?

Produced locally
Renewable resource
Simple production process
Excellent lubricating properties
Works in existing infrastructure:
Todays diesel cars and trucks
Todays distribution system
Todays filling stations

OBJECTIVE
To

control the emissions of the engine by

using Soybean based biodiesel with
addition of antioxidant and also compare
with diesel and biodiesel (Soybean
biodiesel).
To compare the performance of the engine
using Diesel, Biodiesel, Biodiesel with
antioxidant.

WORK DONE
1)

Biodiesel preparation

2)

Addition of Anti-Oxidant.

3)

Emission Test.

4)

Performance Test.

5)

Comparison among Fuels.

Preparing Biodiesel

Making Biodiesel
A

mixture of 1640 ml of Soybean Oil, 360 ml of

Methanol and 30 g of Potassium Hydroxide is
taken in the heating chamber of capacity 2 lit.
The mixture is maintained at 55-60 C while
stirring for 1hour.
The product formed is taken out in a jar and left
free for 3 hours for separation.
Biodiesel is separated from the glycerol by
gravity separation method.
Finally the pure biodiesel is produced after
removing water by boiling at 100C.

Transesterification Reaction

Convert 3-headed Oils into HydroCarbon chains similar to petroleum diesel.

1,4-Dioxan (antioxidant)
1,4-Dioxan, often called Dioxan
It is a heterocyclic organic
compound
It is an occasionally used
solvent
It is a colorless liquid with a
faint sweet odor
It is classified as ether
It is used mainly as a stabilizer
It is hygroscopic

1,4-Dioxan

Preparation of Blends

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

100% biodiesel is referred to as B100

Dioxan + 100% biodiesel is referred to as B100 + D
Dioxan + 75% biodiesel, 25% petro-diesel is labeled B75 + D
Dioxan + 50% biodiesel, 50% petro-diesel is labeled B50 + D
Dioxan + 25% biodiesel, 75% petro-diesel is labeled B25 + D

Properties of Blends
Name of the
Properties
Gross Calorific
Value in kJ/kg
Viscosity @

Protocol

B100

B100 + B75 +

B50 +

B25 +

Dioxan Dioxan Dioxan Dioxan

IS 1448, P20 38259 39584

39842

40253

40671

IS 1448, P18

5.28

5.05

5.13

5.15

5.45

Flash Point in C

ASTM D 92

165

162

165

168

171

Fire Point in C

ASTM D 92

173

183

185

186

189

0.872

0.861

0.853

0.841

40C in cSt

Specific Gravity ASTM D 445 0.876

Engine Specifications

Kirloskar TV - I
Single Cylinder
Vertical
Water Cooled
4 Stroke
87.5 mm Bore
110 mm Stroke
CR 17.5:1
5.2 kW Power
1500 RPM

Test Rig
Diesel Engine

Exhaust Gas
Analyzer

Testing Procedure
Check

the fuel level in fuel tank, flow of cooling water

to the engine, level of lubrication before starting the
Engine.
Start the engine by cranking and allow it to run 5 to 10
minutes to attain steady condition at its rated speed.
Now load the engine by adjusting Eddy Current
Dynamometer.
Note the time for 10 CC of fuel consumption.
Also note the reading displayed by the exhaust gas
analyzer for every load variation.
After taking readings the engine is stopped by engaging
the fuel cut off lever.

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

12.03
22.06
33.02
42.4
65.04

32.4
46.4
51.8
56.6
88.4

B100 +
Dioxan
42.08
56.08
58.4
62.4
74.6

B75 +
Dioxan
38.7
52.6
58.5
61.3
72.8

B50 +
Dioxan
25.4
36.9
44.9
49.9
70.8

B25 +
Dioxan
44.9
51.9
58
62.6
66.4

100
90
80

Smoke Density (HSU)

Load (%) and Smoke Density

(HSU)

Load

70
Diesel

60

B100
B100+Dioxan

50

B75+Dioxan
40

B50+Dioxan
B25+Dioxan

30
20
10
0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

0.05
0.05
0.06
0.18
0.37

0.06
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.37

B100 +
Dioxan
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.11
0.49

B75 +
Dioxan
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.41

B50 +
Dioxan
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.39

B25 +
Dioxan
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.26

0.6

0.5

CO (% by volume)

Load (%) and CO (% by volume)

Load

0.4
Diesel
B100
B100+Dioxan

0.3

B75+Dioxan
B50+Dioxan
B25+Dioxan

0.2

0.1

0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

17
28
31
55
74

18
20
20
32
33

B100 +
Dioxan
15
16
20
26
37

B75 +
Dioxan
20
22
20
21
35

B50 +
Dioxan
20
20
24
33
45

B25 +
Dioxan
19
20
27
35
42

80

70

60

HC (ppm)

Load (%) and HC (ppm)

Load

Diesel

50

B100
B100+Dioxan

40

B75+Dioxan
B50+Dioxan

30

B25+Dioxan
20

10

0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

2.4
3.3
4
4.8
5.6

3.4
4.5
5.6
7
8.3

B100 +
Dioxan
3
4.1
5.3
6.6
8

B75 +
Dioxan
3.2
4.3
5.4
4.7
7.8

B50 +
Dioxan
3
4.1
5.3
6.4
7.6

B25 +
Dioxan
3.1
4
5.1
6.4
7.5

9
8
7

CO2 (% by volume)

Load (%) and CO2 (% by

volume)

Load

6
Diesel

B100

B100+Dioxan
B75+Dioxan

B50+Dioxan
3

B25+Dioxan

2
1
0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

17.23
16
14.98
13.74
12.39

16.11
14.57
13.26
11.5
9.41

B100 +
Dioxan
16.67
15.25
13.68
12.13
10.05

B75 +
Dioxan
16.24
14.84
13.45
14.42
10.26

B50 +
Dioxan
16.63
15.24
13.73
12.2
10.4

B25 +
Dioxan
16.55
15.3
13.87
12.37
10.79

20
18
16

O2 (% by volume)

Load (%) and O2 (% by volume)

Load

14
Diesel

12

B100
B100+Dioxan

10

B75+Dioxan
8

B50+Dioxan
B25+Dioxan

6
4
2
0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

372
675
850
960
1120

268
454
664
813
805

B100 +
Dioxan
262
468
695
838
796

B75 +
Dioxan
308
513
729
674
843

B50 +
Dioxan
253
475
706
803
860

B25 +
Dioxan
284
473
698
852
899

1200

1000

800
Diesel
B100

NOx (ppm)

Load (%) and NOx (ppm)

Load

B100+Dioxan

600

B75+Dioxan
B50+Dioxan
B25+Dioxan

400

200

0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

187
231
277
352
404

175
211
252
303
354

B100 +
Dioxan
176
208
249
297
361

B75 +
Dioxan
172
211
253
302
358

B50 +
Dioxan
174
210
250
298
350

B25 +
Dioxan
176
209
251
296
344

450

400
350
300
Diesel

EGT (0C)

Load (%) and EGT (0C)

Load

B100

250

B100+Dioxan
B75+Dioxan

200

B50+Dioxan
B25+Dioxan

150
100
50
0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

0.592
0.835
1.026
1.302
1.486

0.647
0.866
1.108
1.389
1.768

B100 +
Dioxan
0.639
0.86
1.111
1.361
1.732

B75 +
Dioxan
0.649
0.852
1.065
1.338
1.669

B50 +
Dioxan
0.612
0.821
1.068
1.274
1.584

B25 +
Dioxan
0.62
0.813
1.002
1.224
1.489

2
1.8

Fuel Consumption (kg/h)

Load (%) and Fuel Consumption

(kg/h)

Load

1.6
1.4
Diesel

1.2

B100
B100+Dioxan

B75+Dioxan
0.8

B50+Dioxan
B25+Dioxan

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

0.579
0.403
0.331
0.314
0.286

0.634
0.418
0.357
0.335
0.34

B100 +
Dioxan
0.626
0.415
0.358
0.328
0.33

B75 +
Dioxan
0.636
0.411
0.344
0.323
0.321

B50 +
Dioxan
0.6
0.396
0.345
0.307
0.305

B25 +
Dioxan
0.607
0.392
0.323
0.295
0.286

0.7

0.6

S F C (kg/kWh)

Load (%) and Specific Fuel

Consumption (kg/kWh)

Load

0.5
Diesel
0.4

B100
B100+Dioxan
B75+Dioxan

0.3

B50+Dioxan
B25+Dioxan
0.2

0.1

0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

2.82
3.87
4.89
5.94
6.99

3.02
4.07
5.09
6.14
7.19

B100 +
Dioxan
3.02
4.07
5.09
6.14
7.19

B75 +
Dioxan
3.22
4.27
5.295
6.34
7.39

B50 +
Dioxan
2.92
3.97
4.99
6.04
7.09

B25 +
Dioxan
3.42
4.47
5.49
6.54
7.59

Indicated Power (kW)

Load (%) and Indicated Power

(kW)

Load

Diesel
B100
B100+Dioxan

B75+Dioxan
B50+Dioxan

B25+Dioxan
2

0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

6.742
9.508
11.684
14.827
16.922

6.875
9.203
11.775
14.761
18.789

B100 +
Dioxan
7.026
9.456
12.216
14.964
19.044

B75 +
Dioxan
7.182
9.429
11.786
14.807
18.471

B50 +
Dioxan
6.842
9.179
11.941
14.244
17.711

B25 +
Dioxan
7.004
9.184
11.32
13.828
16.821

20
18

Fuel Power (kW)

Load (%) and Fuel Power (kW)

Load

16
14
Diesel

12

B100
B100+Dioxan

10

B75+Dioxan
8

B50+Dioxan
B25+Dioxan

6
4
2
0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

15.12
21.77
26.48
27.92
30.67

14.83
22.49
26.28
28.04
27.61

B100 +
Dioxan
14.51
21.89
25.33
27.66
27.25

B75 +
Dioxan
14.202
21.95
26.25
27.95
28.09

B50 +
Dioxan
14.907
22.57
25.919
29.06
29.303

B25 +
Dioxan
14.563
22.539
27.34
29.939
30.854

35

30

25
Diesel
20

B T E (%)

Load (%) and Brake Thermal

Efficiency (%)

Load

B100
B100+Dioxan
B75+Dioxan

15

B50+Dioxan
B25+Dioxan
10

0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Diesel

B100

20
40
60
80
100

36.17
53.48
63.22
69.69
74.24

33.77
50.85
60.74
67.42
72.18

B100 +
Dioxan
33.77
50.85
60.74
67.42
72.18

B75 +
Dioxan
31.67
48.47
58.45
65.2
70.23

B50 +
Dioxan
34.931
52.141
61.961
68.543
73.201

B25 +
Dioxan
29.824
46.308
56.323
63.302
68.379

80

70

Mechanical Efficiency (%)

Load (%) and Mechanical

Efficiency (%)

Load

60

50

Diesel
B100
B100+Dioxan

40

B75+Dioxan
B50+Dioxan

30

B25+Dioxan
20

10

0
0

20

40

60

Load (%)

80

100

120

Conclusion
Among the emission parameters considered:
Diesel showed low values in the emissions of
smoke density(65.04 HSU) and CO2 (5.6 % by
volume) as compared among other fuels.
Biodiesel (B100) showed low values in the
emissions of NOx (805 ppm) and O2 (9.41 % by
volume) as compared among other fuels.
B25 + Dioxan showed low values in the
emissions of CO (0.26 % by volume) and HC
(42 ppm) as compared among other fuels.

Conclusion
Among the performance parameters considered:
Diesel has low Fuel Consumption (1.486 kg/h)
and high Mechanical Efficiency (74.24 %).
Biodiesel (B100) has high Fuel Power (19.044
kW) compared among fuels used.
B25 + Dioxan has low EGT (344 0C), low
Specific Fuel Consumption (0.286 kg/kWh),
high Indicated Power (7.59 kW) and high Brake
Thermal Efficiency (30.854 %) and also nearer
value of Fuel Consumption (1.489 kg/h) to
Diesel.

References:
i.

Alternative Fuels: Biodiesel, Us.S. Environmental Protection agency

vol. 86, pp. 681-688, 2009.

ii.

Schlick M.L. and Hanna M.A., Soybean and sunflower oil

performance in diesel engine. ASAE, 31, 5 (1988)

iii.

V.Arul mozhi selvan, r. B. Anand, m.Udayakumar, Effects of cerium

oxide nanoparticle addition in diesel and diesel-biodiesel-ethanol
blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI
engine, Arpn journal of engineering and applied sciences, vol. 4,
September 2009.

iv.

Shailendra Sinha, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Sanjeev Garg, Biodiesel

development

from rice bran

oil: Transesterification

process

optimization and fuel characterization, Energy Conversion and

Management, vol.49, pp.1248-1257, 2008.

References:
v.

M. Martin and D. Prithviraj, Performance of Pre-heated Cottonseed

Oil and Diesel Fuel Blends in a Compression Ignition Engine, Jordan
Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5(3), 2011, 235240.

vi.

Lin Lin, Dong Ying, Sumpun Chaitep, Saritporn Vittayapadung,

Biodiesel production from crude rice bran oil and properties as fuel,
Applied Energy vol. 86, pp. 681-688, 2009.

vii.

Atul Dhar, Roblet Kevin, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Production of

biodiesel from high-FFA neem oil and its performance, emission and

combustion characterization in a single cylinder DICI engine, Fuel

Processing Technology 97, pp. 118-129, 2012.

THANK YOU