Presented By:

 ASAJD JAMSHED
(www.asjad.vze.com)
System Units
 System Unit
 The System Unit is a case which is just like a box made up of a
metal or plastic. This casing actually contain the electronic
components of a computer used to process data.
 The casing is some time called Chassis, that protect the internal
electronic components from damage.
 The most important component of this System box is Mother
Board. All the components are then installed on this Mother
Board.

 System Unit consist of the following devices:-

 Mother Board
 Processor
 Memory
 Display cards
 Disk systems
System Unit (Cont’d)
 Mother Board
 It is the main circuit board of the system unit.
 It is the centralized platform where all the hardware
components of a computer are connected.
 Many electronic components are attached to the mother board,
others are built-in on it.
 It is sometime called system board.
 The processor, memory & the other components on the
motherboard consist one or more chip’s. Most chip’s are not
bigger than one-half inch square.
 Each and every Motherboard has a small battery cell.
 It gives to Motherboard a small amount of power to remember
the settings such as hardware configurations, date and time etc
 Mother Board (Cont’d)
 BIOS is kind of software which holds the most important data
for machine.
 It informs the PC about the compatibility of Motherboard with
different hardware components such as CPU etc…
 It is the most important component which resides in the ROM
(Read Only Memory) of the Motherboard.
 Processor
 The Processor is also called Central Processing Unit (CPU).
 All the CPUs looks very similar, but they are different in the way,
they have different numbers of pins and different layouts.

“Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an electronic device that interprets

and carries out the instructions that operates the computer.

 The processor significantly impact over all computing power &

manages most of computer operations.
 On larger computers, such as Mini or Mainframe computers, the
various functions performed by the processor extend over many
separate chips and often on multiple circuit boards.
 On a personal computer, all function of the processor usually are on
a single chip.
 Some computer manufacturer use the term Microprocessor which
refers to a personal computer chip.
 Most PC’s today use processors manufactured by IntEL, AMD etc..
Processor (Cont’d)
 Processor (Cont’d)
 The combination of Arithmetic Logic Unit and Control Unit is
called as Central Processing Unit (CPU). OR The two main parts
of CPU are ALU & CU.
 Processor (Cont’d)
 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
 This component of the computer is responsible for
the actual processing.
 This component is capable to perform all types of
arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division etc.
 Also it is capable to perform logical operations
such as AND, OR etc. it is capable of comparison
as well.
 Processor (Cont’d)
 CONTROL UNIT (CU)
 This unit is responsible for the overall supervision of the
computer system.
 It does not perform the actual processing but by reading and
interpreting the instructions contained in a program, Control Unit
(CU) directs other unit of the system to perform a specific task.
 Control unit (CU) behaves like a traffic police instructor. It
manages the functions performed by different parts of computer.
 It controls and coordinates the entire computer system, just the
brain directs the human body.
 It is responsible to accept data from input device and send it to
the memory, from memory to ALU, finally CU sent back the
results and store in the memory, until the results are released to
an output device.
 Memory
 It is also called Main memory or Primary memory.
 Memory contains one or more sets of chips that store
data/program instructions, either temporarily or permanently .
 The component which provides storage capability to a computer
is called Memory.
 It enables a computer to store data and instructions which are
necessary for the processing.
 All the computers which are used today needs memory or
storage capability. All the instructions that a computer follows
must be stored in the memory.
 There are two types of Primary Memory.
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Random Access Memory
 RAM is also called volatile memory and Keeps the information
for a shorter period of time because RAM Lose information if
powered off or the computer is shutdown.
 RAM store data or instructions, the computer then uses these
instructions to perform any processing work.
 The contents of RAM change rapidly and often.
 Typical ranges 128 MB - 4 GB
 Random Access means direct access to any part of memory
 Random Access Memory (Cont’d)
 The amount of RAM in a PC has a direct affect on the system's
speed.
 The more RAM a PC has, the more program instructions and data
can be held in memory, which is faster than storage on disk.
 More RAM = Better Performance !

 There are two types of RAM

 Dynamic RAM
 Static RAM
 Random Access Memory (Cont’d)
 Dynamic RAM
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM) chips must be recharged with
electricity very frequently, or they will lose their contents.

 Static RAM
 Static RAM (SRAM) does not need to be recharged as often
as DRAM, and can hold its contents longer.
 Another type of RAM, called flash memory, can store its
contents after power is turned off. Flash memory is used in
digital cameras to store pictures. OR
 Flash memory used in portable digital devices.
 Read Only Memory
 ROM is non-volatile memory.
 The kind of memory is generally programmed by manufacturer.
 It contains information that is permanently stored. The
contents of ROM are set during manufacturing process. Most of
the ROMs are special purpose memories.
 Example of ROM is BIOS (Basic Input Output System).

 TYPES OF ROM

 PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

 Normally ROM’s are not writable but PROM’s are writable. Data can
be written to PROM’s using special devices.
 Data once written cannot be removed. Ultraviolet Rays are used to
write data in PROM’s.
 Example:
 CD-ROM (Compact Disk –Read Only Memory). Data on a CD-ROM
can be written through a special device called CD-Writer.
 Cache Memory
 Cache memory is high-speed memory that holds the most recent
data and instructions that have been loaded by the CPU.
 Cache is located directly on the CPU or between the CPU and
RAM, making it faster than normal RAM.
 CPU-resident cache is called Level-1 (L1) cache.
 L1 cache usually has a very small capacity, ranging from 8 KB to
128 KB. The most common size is 128 KB.
 External cache is called Level-2 (L2) cache.
 L2 cache is slower then L1 cache but has much larger capacity,
ranging from 64 KB to 4 MB.
 The amount of cache memory has a tremendous impact on the
computer's speed.
 When the processor needs an instruction or data, it searches
memory in this order, L1 cache, then L2 cache, then RAM.
 If the instructions or data is not found in memory then it must
search a slower speed storage medium such as a hard disk,
compact disc etc.
 Storage Devices
 Storage devices holds data, instructions &
information for future use.
 Every computer uses storage devices to holds
software, specifically system software & application
software's.
 It is also called Secondary Storage or Auxiliary
Storage Devices.
 Example of storage media are
 Magnetic Storage Devices
 Hard Disk,
 Floppy Disk
 Magnetic Storage Devices
 Exploits duality of magnetism and electricity
 Converts electrical signals into magnetic charges
 Captures magnetic charge on a storage medium
 Later regenerates electrical current from stored magnetic
charge

 Flat, circular platter with metallic coating that is rotated

beneath read/write heads
 Random access device; read/write head can be moved to any
location on the platter
 Magnetic Storage Devices - Formatting
 Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading and writing.
 Before a magnetic disk can be used, it must be formatted—a
process that maps the disk's surface and determines how data will
be stored.
 During formatting, the drive creates circular tracks around the
disk's surface, then divides each track into sectors.
 The OS organizes sectors into groups, called clusters, then tracks
each file's location according to the clusters it occupies.
 Hard Disks
 Auxiliary storage is a hard disk.
 Hard disks use multiple platters, stacked on a spindle. or
 A hard disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates coated with a
metal oxide material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on
the surface of the platters.
 Each platter has two read/write heads, one for each side.
 The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed, typically 5400 to
7200 revolutions per minute (RPM).
 Storage capacities of hard disks for personal computers range from 10
GB to 320 GB (TB is possible but rare). Read/write heads
 Hard Disk (Cont’d)
Sectors
each track is divided into
pie-shaped wedges

Cluster Tracks
two or more data is recorded in concentric
sectors combined circular bands