Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Paul D. Sclavounos
Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Vast Offshore Wind Resources with Higher and Steadier Wind Speeds in
Deeper Waters
Experience of Oil Industry Essential for the Development of Safe and Cost
Effective Spar and TLP Wind Turbine Floaters
Courtesy: NREL
Horns Rev Wind Farm (Denmark) - Rated Power 160 MW Water Depth 10-15m
L
H
R
L 2H R
L
L
Courtesy: NY Times
5 MW Wind Turbine
Rotor Orientation
Control
Rotor Diameter/Hub Diameter
Hub Height
Max Rotor/Generator Speed
Maximum Tip Speed
Overhang/Shaft Tilt/Precone
Rotor Mass
Nacelle Mass
Tower Mass
Upwind
Variable Speed, Collective Pitch
126 m/3 m
90 m
12.1 rpm/1,173.7 rpm
80 m/s
5 m/ 5/ -2.5
110,000 kg
Overall c.g. location:
240,000 kg
(x,y,z)t = (-.2,0,64)m
347,460 kg
Tension
Leg Platform
Spar Buoy in SLC (Single-Layer Catenary)
Spar Buoy in DLC (Double-Layer Catenary)
Sea Spectra
S ( w) H s T1
2
0.11 wT1
e
2 2
wT
0.44 1
2
Fairlead Position
Fairlead Depth
Platform Draft
Concrete
Diameter, 2R [m]
18
Draft, T [m]
40
10453.586
9036.997
13.858
-25.522
-20
Sea
condition
200
Mooring
Catenary angle,
[degree]
k [m/m]
Fairlead Location,
[m/m]
10 ~ 70
0.995
1.0
* EA [N]
400E6
MBL [N]
20E6
Height of Tower, Size of Rotor and Electric Generator Cost Benefit Analysis
Wave Power in Storm with 3m Height / 8 sec Period / 100 m Wavelength ~ 36 kW / meter
Wave Power in Storm with 10m Height / 12 sec Period / 200m Wavelength ~ 500 kW / meter
More Wave Power Encountered in Water Depths Over 40 m (Waves do not feel seafloor)
Maximum Wave Power Captured by Point Wave Energy Absorber ~ Wavelength/ 2 (m)
Use of 100 Absorbers Rated at 1 MW Between 4 Wind Turbines Power Output ~ 150 MW
Available Wave Power per 1 GW Rated (400 MW Available) Offshore Wind Farm ~ 7.5 GW
Annual Revenues of 1 GW Farm (200 5 MW Units) @ 40% Capacity Factor and @10
cents/KWh: ~ $400 Million
Breakeven Cost vs CCGT ~ $ 3 M/MW: Based on Natural Gas Price Projections $915/MMBtu from 2010-2027
Onshore 5 MW Unit Cost ~ $10 M; Breakeven Cost of Floater & Mooring System ~ $5 M
AC Sub Sea Cables up to ~ 100-130 km. HVDC Light Technology over 100-130 km
Coal Plant Emits ~ 1 ton CO2/MWh; Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Emits ~ 300 Kg CO2/MWh
1 MW of Rated Wind Turbine Power @ 40% Capacity Factor ~ 9.6 MWh / Day ~
6.4 Barrels of Oil / Day
Conversion Efficiency of Oil & Gas Engines / Turbines, Wind Turbines ~ 40-50%
1 GW Wind Farm (30 year life) ~ 70 M Barrel Oil Field ~ 6,400 Barrels / Day
Investment Risk in Oil & Gas: Exploration Costs & Volatility of Oil & Gas Prices
Summary
Project Finance for Utility Scale Offshore Wind & Wave Farms