- BY- ATHARVA TANKSALE (12th B)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work presented and
done in this Project Report ,has been carried out
in the Physics Laboratory during the presence of
Ms. Manju Ma'am.
The project submitted has entirely been done
and completed by me and my friend Shreenath
Rao under the guidance of Ms. Manju Maam.

Signature;-

Date:-

Acknowledgements
I, Atharva Tanksale would like to take up
this opportunity to thank the guidance
given to me by Ms. Manju Maam, for the
completion of this project. I would also like
to make use of this opportunity to thank
our Principal Ms. Kelkar Maam for
allowing me to use the Physics lab. Special
thanks to Shreenath Rao, my classmate
who assisted me in this project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1) Acknowledgements
2) Introduction
3) Theory of the Experiment
4) Basics of the Wheatstone Bridge
5) Mathematics Of the Wheatstone Bridge
6) Materials Required
7) Procedure
8) Observations
9) Conclusion
10)Few Glimpses
11)Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
Pure water does not conduct electricity, but any
solvated ionic species would contribute to
conduction of electricity.
An ionically conducting solution is called an
electrolyte solution and the compound, which
produces the ions as it dissolves, is called an
electrolyte
A strong electrolyte is a compound that will
completely dissociate into ions in water.
Correspondingly, a weak electrolyte dissolves only
partially. The conductivity of an electrolyte
solution depends on concentration of the ionic
species and behaves differently for strong and
weak electrolytes.

Theory of the Experiment

1). Movement of ions in water can be studied by installing a pair
of electrodes into the liquid and by introducing a potential
difference between the electrodes. Like metallic conducting
materials, electrolyte solutions follow Ohms
law:
R=V/I
where R is the resistance (ohms), V is the potential difference
(V, Volts), and I is the current (A, Amperes).
2). Conductance G (S,Siemens) is defined as reciprocal of the
resistance:
G=1/R
Conductance of a given liquid sample decreases when the
distance between the electrodes increases and increases when
the effective area of the electrodes increases. This is shown in
the following relation:
G=KA/L
where K is the conductivity (S /m), A is the cross-sectional area
of the electrodes ( e.g. the effective area available for conducting
electrons through the liquid), and l is the distance between the
electrodes .

Basics of the Wheatstone Bridge

The Wheatstone
bridge is an electrical
bridge circuit used to
measure resistance.
It consists of a
common source of
electrical current
(such as a battery)
and a galvanometer
that connects two
parallel branches,
containing four
resistors, three of
which are known.

One parallel
branch contains
one known
resistance and
an unknown the
other parallel
branch contains
resistors of
known
resistances (R1
and R2).

Due to their
outstanding
sensitivity,
Wheatstone bridge
circuits are very
advantageous for
the measurement
of resistance,
inductance, and
capacitance.

Wheatstone Bridge

The Mathematics of Wheat Stone Bridge

The value of an unknown resistance by comparing it with a
known one. Three known and adjustable resistances are
connected with the unknown resistance, a galvanometer/
a power supply, and a key, as shown in the previous page,
for a condition of balance, so that no current flows through
the galvanometer. Hence the current through R1 is the
same as the current through R2, and the current through
R3 is the same as that through R4. Also, the potential drop
across R1 is equal to that across R3.
i1R1 = i2R3 ___________________(1)
Similarly, the potential drop across R2 is equal to that
across R4
i1R2 = i2R4 ____________ (2)
Dividing the first equation by the second, one finds the
relation
R1/R2=R3/R4 __________ (3)
Therefore, if three of the resistances are known, the fourth
may be calculated by using the above relation.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

CARBON ELECTRODES
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE SETUP
RESISTANCE BOX
GALVANOMETER
JOCKEY
BATTERY ELIMINATOR
COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTIONS OF
DIFFERENT MOLARITIES
DILUTE SOLUTION OF SULPHURIC ACID

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the slide wire form of the bridge as shown on
the next page. Let X be the unknown resistance of the
prepared solution of Copper Sulphate.
2. Measure the resistance of the solution with the bridge. To
obtain a balance, set the sliding key in the center of the
bridge wire and adjust the jockey until a
minimum deflection of the galvanometer. When the bridge
is balanced, measure the lengths obtained using the
attached meter scale.
3. Record the values of the standard resistances and of the
lengths obtained. Record two more readings by altering the
values of the known resistance

OBSERVATIONS
At concentration of electrolyte 0.1M
S.No

Value of
known
resistance

Length(l)

100-l

Resistance
(S)

1500

55

45

1833

1700

51.9

48.1

1834.3

1900

49.6

50.4

1869.8
1845.8

At concentration of electrolyte 0.2M

S.No

Value of
known
resistance

Length(l)

100-l

Resistance
(S)

3000

41.5

58.5

2128.20

4000

34.3

65.7

2088.28

2000

51.2

48.8

2098.36
2104.92

At concentration of electrolyte 0.5M

S.No

Value of
known
resistance

Length(l)

100-l

Resistance(
S)

3000

46

54

2555.6

4000

39

61

2557.3

5000

34.1

66.2

2587.2
2566.86

CONCLUSIONS
Based upon the Experiments conducted by us we have
come to the following conclusions1. The Resistance of the Copper Sulphate Solution
increased with increase in the concentration of the
solute.
2. The values of Conductance's kept on decreasing as the
concentration of the solute was increased. This proves
that the value of Conductivity is inversely proportional
to that of Resistance.

3. It has been observed that the values of Resistance

change much on the increase of concentration. This
proves that Copper Sulphate is a weak electrolyte.

FEW GLIMPSES OF THE WORK

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NCERT Physics Textbook Class 12th

NCERT Chemistry Textbook Class 12th
Concepts of Physical Chemistry : Dr. P.Bahadur
Modern approach to Chemical Calculations
: Dr. R.C. Mukherjee