Compound Complex Sentences

COMPOUND and
Yosa A. Alzuhdy , M.Hum.

Yosa A. Alzuhdy - YSU
COMPLEX sentences
School of Graduate Studies
Yogyakarta State University
Yosa A. Alzuhdy
SIMPLE Sentences
Remember that all sentences consist of one or more clauses.
A SIMPLE SENTENCE consists of one clause ( Subj+Verb).
China is changing.
S
Vb
Developers are welcomed.
S
Vb
People need vitamins.
S
Vb
Obj
Her mother is a senior surgeon in this hospital.
S
Vb
C: Noun
Adv
My friends and I always play football and go swimming every weekend.
S
Vb-phrase
Adv
1.
2.
3.
4.
The man took a magazine from the highest shelf.

Students normally spend four years in college.
I enjoy playing football with my friends every weekend.
I enjoy playing football and look forward to it every weekend.
SIMPLE Sentence
Independent Clause Simple Sentence :
Subject + Verb
The VERB must be in accordance with SUBJECT,

TIME, TENSE, and ASPECT
For example:
1. Her father and sister are waiting for her coming at the airport.
2. We will have the mid semester exam in a few days.

3. A collection of books has been stolen from the library.
4. She didnt follow the interview yesterday.
5. My girlfriend is in Jakarta right now.

6. Both of her brother and sister are students of this faculty.
Kinds of Sentences
The combination of clauses forming various types of sentences.
1. A SIMPLE SENTENCE consists of one independent clause ONLY.
The man bought a magazine in Gramedia bookstore last week.
2. A COMPOUND SENTENCE is two or more independent clauses
joined together.
I enjoy tennis a lot, and I usually play it once a week.
3. A COMPLEX SENTENCE contains one independent clause and
one (or more) dependent clause(s).
Here, one idea is more important (the MAIN Clause) than the other
(the SUBORDINATE clause).
Although the professor has retired since two years ago, he still
teaches in several private universities.
4. A COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE is a combination of two or
more independent clauses and one (or more) dependent clauses.
I want to get married soon after I graduate from this university;
however, my parents want me to get a job first.
Combining 2 or more Sentences

Practically, two simple sentences (clauses) can be joined using a:
> Coordinate Connector Compound Sentence
> Subordinate Connector Complex Sentence
> Sentence Connector Compound Sentence
> semicolon (;) Compound Sentence
He is sick. He stays at home.
He is sick, so he stays at home.
Because he is sick, he stays at home.
He stays at home because he is sick.
He is sick; therefore, he stays at home.
He is sick; he stays at home.
The girl is very clever. Nobody likes her.

The girl is very clever, but nobody likes her.
The girl is very clever, and nobody likes her.
The girl is very clever because nobody likes her.
Because the girl is very clever, nobody likes her.
COMPOUND SENTENCES
Coordinate Connectors (Coordinators)
SEVEN Coordinate Connectors: FAN BOYS: S+Vb, Coordinator S+Vb
for (karena); and (dan); nor (juga tidak); but (tetapi); or (atau); yet (namun); so (sehingga)
I bought this book, for there is new information in it. (karena)
I bought this book for my sister-in-law. (untuk)
I bought this book for completing my collection. (untuk)
I have read this book for three days. (selama)
I
I
I
I
I
I
bought this book, and I also sent the package. (dan)

didnt buy that book, nor did I meet her in the bookstore. (juga tidak)
bought this book, but I didnt buy that book. (tetapi)
had to buy this book, or I had to wait for 2 years for its reprint. (atau)
bought this book last week, yet I havent got time to read it . (namun)
bought this book, so I could show it to my advisor as a proof. (sehingga)
SENTENCE CONNECTORS
Di sampingDi
itusisi lain
Akan tetapi Meskipun begitu
however
nevertheless besides on the other hand
consequently
furthermore
meanwhile
otherwise
Akibatnya
Lebih-lebih lagi Sementara itu Kalau tidak

Format:
Karena itu
therefore
etc
dlsb
S + V. Connector, S + V
S + V; connector, S + V
1. I bought this book, and I also sent the package.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He always comes to class on time, but he often feels sleepy in class.

You can type the letter using a computer, or you can handwrite it.
The man has already got three dishes of bakso, yet he is still hungry.
I like swimming, so I will join the swimming club in this campus.
Compare:
1. I bought this book; furthermore, I also sent the package.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He always comes to class on time; however, he often feels sleepy in class.

You can type the letter using a computer; otherwise, you can handwrite it.
He has already got three dishes of bakso; nevertheless, he is still hungry.
I like swimming; therefore, I will join the swimming club in this campus.
Adverb Clause Connectors (Subordinators)

Ada dua format penggunaan Subordinators:
main clause + sub-clause
sub-clause, + main clause
S+Vb Subordinator S+Vb

Subordinator S+Vb, S+Vb
Perhatikan hubungan logis kedua clause, dan fahami makna/fungsi berbagai subordinators.
He feels very tired since he has been working hard. (karena)

= Since he has been working hard, he feels very tired. (karena)
He has been working hard since he arrived here this morning. (sejak)
He came to the course although he felt very tired, (meskipun)

= Although he felt very tired, he came to the course. (meskipun)
Compare: (coordinate conj. posisi di tengah kal, didahului tanda koma)
He felt very tired, but/yet he came to the course. (tetapi /namun)
Compare: Sentence connector awal klmt berikutnya, atau stlh titik koma.
He felt very tired. However, he came to the course. ( Akan tetapi)
He felt very tired; nevertheless, he came to the course. (meskipun dmk)
He felt very tired, so he would take a rest for two hours.
He felt very tired because he had ploughed the rice field by himself.
Using COORDINATE CONNECTORS

Example:
A power failure occurred, _______ the lamps went out.
(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) next
There are two clauses: A power failure occurred.
The lamps went out.
Hubungan antar klausa: Sebab-akibat.
Coordinate conjunction dibutuhkan untuk menghubungkan klausa tsb.
then, later, next sentence connectors.

Fungsi urutan kejadian atau proses (sequence)
They had dinner at 7 pm. Then, they watched TV for about two hours.
They had dinner at 7 pm; next, they watched TV for about two hours.
So coordinate conjunction, menunjukkan akibat dari klausa pertama.
Using SUBORDINATE CONNECTORS

Example:
_______ was late, I missed the appointment.
(A) I
(B) Because
(C) The train
(D) Since he
Kalimat di atas diawali dengan VERB was, berarti perlu dilengkapi dengan
Subject (Noun). Setelah tanda koma juga ada Clause: Subject + Verb
I missed the appointment.
Bearti ada dua klausa Carilah logika hubungan antara keduanya.
: Sebab akibat.
Perhatikan juga format kalimatnya: perlu subordinate connector di awal kal.

I dan The train bisa sebagai subject (noun), tetapi tidak ada connector.
Because adalah connector yang sesuai (penyebab) tetapi tidak ada subject.
Pilihan yang tepat: D. Since he connectornya tepat, ada subject.
Other ADVERB CONNECTORS

You will get a good grade on the exam provided _____.
(A) studying
(B) study
(C) to study
(D) you study
Clause: You will get a good grade on the exam.

Klausa ini diikuti oleh connector provided, berarti setelah connector tsb
harus diikuti oleh clause yang lain: Subject + Verb
Subject+Verb provided
+ Subject + Verb
provided that
providing that
= dengan syarat, asalkan
I will come provided/provided that/providing that you pick me up.
More details on Adverbs: See Betty Schrampfer Azar: Understanding
and Using English Gramar, Chapters 8-9 (pp. 287-345).
COMPLEX SENTENCES
A COMPLEX SENTENCE contains one independent clause (MAIN
CLAUSE) and one dependent clause (SUBORDINATE CLAUSE).
The subordinate clause starts with a CONJUNCTION (SUBORDINATOR).
SUBORDINATORS forming COMPLEX SENTENCE
after
whether
whatever
whenever
as soon as
in order that
so that
even though
that
if
until
as
when
who
since
while
which
unless
because
anytime
why
although
as if
etc.
The Subordinate Clause can function as:
1. ADJECTIVE Adjective Clause that modifies NOUN.

Gayus Tambunan, who is accused on tax corruption, is put in jail.
2. ADVERB Adverb Clause for Time, Place, Reason, etc.
She feels very happy because she wins the marathon race again.
3. NOUN Noun Clause as Subject, Object, or Complement.
The woman always believed whatever the man said to her.
Adjective Clause Connectors

:Dependent clause yg berfungsi sbg ADJECTIVE modifies noun/pronoun
Adjective clause menggunakan RELATIVE PRONOUN (kata ganti yang
menghubungkan Adj.Clause dengan kata yang diterangkannya).
Relative Pronoun Menggantikan
Posisi yg diganti: Diterjemahkan
WHO
Orang
Subject
Yang
WHOM
Orang
Object
Yang
WHICH
Benda
Subject/object
Yang
THAT
Orang/benda
Subject/object
Yang
WHOSE
Possessive Adj.
Kepunyaan
Yang nya
WHEN
Ket. Waktu
Adverb
Ketika, Waktu
WHERE
Ket. Tempat
Adverb
Tempat
WHY
Ket. Alasan
Adverb
Kenapa, Mengapa
Catatan Tambahan: Bila Relative Pronoun menggantikan OBJECT, maka

Relative Pronoun-nya bisa dihilangkan langsung.
Adjective Clauses
(1) The man is a lecturer.
(2) He is standing in the corner.
(1-2) The man who is standing in the corner
is a lecturer.
who
orang subj
whom
orang obj
which
benda subj/obj
that
org/bnd: sub/obj
whose
kepemilikan
when
ket. waktu
where
ket. tempat
why
ket. alasan
(3) He was awarded a Nobel Prize yesterday.

(1-3) The man that was awarded a Nobel Prize yesterday is a lecturer.
(4) I met him in the party yesterday.
(1-4) The man whom I met in the party yesterday is a lecturer.
(5) His car was stolen last week.
(1-5) The man whose car was stolen last week is a lecturer.
(6) My friend is married to the man.

(1-6) The man whom my friend is married to is a lecturer.
The man to whom my friend is married is a lecturer.
Sentences 6 and 5; sentences 6 and 3:
(5-4) My friend is married to the man whose car was stolen last week.
(5-3) My friend is married to the man who was awarded a Nobel Prize
Reduced Adj.Clause
Connector as Direct Object; connector+to be can be omitted:
(1-2) The man who is standing in the corner is a lecturer.
= The man that is standing in the corner is a lecturer.
= The man standing in the corner is a lecturer. (standingAdjective)
(1-3) The man that was awarded a Nobel Prize yesterday is a lecturer.
= The man who was awarded a Nobel Prize yesterday is a lecturer.
= The man awarded a Nobel Prize yesterday is a lecturer.(awardedAdj)
(1-4) The man whom I met in the party yesterday is a lecturer.
= The man that I met in the party yesterday is a lecturer.
= The man I met in the party yesterday is a lecturer.
(1-5) The man whose car was stolen last week is a lecturer.
(1-6) The man whom my friend is married to is a lecturer.

= The man that my friend is married to is a lecturer.
= The man my friend is married to is a lecturer.
The man to whom my friend is married is a lecturer.
~ to whom cannot be replaced by to that, and cannot be omitted.
Other Examples: Adj.Clause

(1) The book was ruined in the rain. (2) I borrowed the book from central library.
(1-2) The book that I borrowed from central library was ruined in the rain.
= The book I borrowed from central library was ruined in the rain.
(3) The book tells about Indonesian history.

(1-3) The book which tells about Indonesian history was ruined in the rain.
= The book telling about Indonesian history was ruined in the rain.
(4) Its author is Professor Ahmad.
(1-4) The book whose author is Professor Ahmad was ruined in the rain.
who
orang subj
(5) I never visited the city.
(6) My brother lived there for 5 years.
whom orang obj
(7) My wife was born in that city.
whichfor 5benda
subj/obj
(5-6) I never visited the city where my brother lived
years.
thatborn.org/bnd: sub/obj
(5-7) I never visited the city in which my wife was
(8) May 1998 was the time. Soeharto put down hiswhose
office inkepemilikan
that month.
when
ket. waktu
(=) May 1998 was the time when Soeharto put down
his office.
where
ket. tempat
(9) Her baby has always been the reason. She came late with that reason.
ket. alasan
(=) Her baby has always been the reason why shewhy
came late.
See the examples

(1) This is the house.
(2) I want to buy the house.
(1-2) This is the house that I want to buy.
(1-2) This is the house which I want to buy.
(1-2) This is the house I want to buy.
(3) The house is quite expensive.
(2) I want to buy the house.
(3-2) The house that I want to buy is quite expensive.
(3-2) The house which I want to buy is quite expensive.
(3-2) The house I want to buy is quite expensive.
(4) We are looking at a house. (5) The house is quite expensive.

(1-4) We are looking at a house that is quite expensive.
(1-4) We are looking at a house which is quite expensive.
(6) The house seems like a great house.
(5-6) The house that is quite expensive seems like a great house.
(5-6) The house which is quite expensive seems like a great house.
1. Practice: Combine using Adj.Clause

1. The student is from Bali. She always sits in the front row.
2. The taxi driver was very friendly. He took me from the airport.
3. The children like the cartoon. It talks about life under the sea.
4. I enjoy reading the composition. It was written by Dealova.
5. The picture is beautiful. My daughter painted it yesterday.

1. The student who always sits in the front row is from Bali.
2. The taxi driver who took me from the airport was very friendly.
3. The children like the cartoon which talks about life under the sea.
4. I enjoy reading the composition which was written by Dealova.
5. The picture that my daughter painted yesterday is beautiful.
ADVERB CLAUSES
dependent clause yang menjelaskan kata kerja dari main clause,
atau menjelaskan adjective atau adverb yang lain.
Adverb clause diawali oleh Subordinate Conjunction
Beberapa jenis Adverbial clause:
1. Time Clause: while, when, since, as soon as, after, before, once, etc
While the draught was going on, many people took fewer baths a day.
2. Place Clause: where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere
Everywhere people want to dine, they prepare a tip for the service.
3. Manner/Distance/Frequency Clauses: as, as+adverb+as, as if
People conserved water as often as they could.

4. Reason Clause: because, since, as
Some victims still suffer because they havent received any assistance.
ADVERB CLAUSES
5. Result Clause: so+adjective/adverb+that
such (a) + adjective + noun + that
Rainfall was so heavy yesterday that streams, reservoirs and even
streets were flooded at the end of the day.
The mud-flood is such a terrible experience that many people from
Sidoarjo had to move away from their houses.
6. Purpose Clause: so that, in order that
Concerned citizens pay careful attention to their environment, so that
they will not have to suffer so extremely again from the flood.
7. Concession Clause: although, even though, though
Although the farmers needed the rain, excessive downpour ruined their
crops.
8. Strong Contrast Clause: while, whereas
While other students study hard for the exam, he only plays around.
Perhatikan: bagaimana hubungan yang

mungkin/logis antara 2 kalimat berikut?
1. Amin was sick. He didnt come to class yesterday.
Because Amin was sick, he didnt come to class yesterday.
Amin didnt come to class yesterday because he was sick.
2. Amin was sick. He played football with his friends.
Although Amin was sick, he played football with his friends.
Amin played football with his friends although he was sick.
3. I cant pay my bills. I havent received my paycheck yet. [until]

I cant pay my bills until I receive my paycheck.
4. Anita has gone to many places.

She always makes people happy in those places. [wherever]
Wherever Anita goes, she always makes people happy.
5. The movie was very good. I watched it three times. [sothat]
The movie was so good that I watched it three times.
2. Practice: Rewrite with the given conjunction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I cant join the swimming club. I havent paid the tuition fee. [until]
We cant leave yet. We have to wait for Amir. [until]
The meal will be ready in ten minutes. We can eat. [as soon as]
I arrived in class at 9. The lesson began a minute later. [just before]
She has 3 exams tomorrow. She has to study all night. [because]
The tea is delicious. I think Ill have another cup. [sothat]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I cant join the swimming club until I pay the tuition fee.
We cant leave until Amir comes.
As soon as the meal is ready, we can eat.
I arrived in class at 9, just before the lesson began.
Because she has 3 exams tomorrow, she has to study all night.
The tea is so delicious that I think Ill have another cup.
Exercise: Combine Accordingly

No. 1-5: Use Adjective Clause; No.6-10 Use the given conjunction
1. The girl was very pretty. I talked to her during the party.
2. I apologized to the woman. I accidentally dropped her glasses.
3. Well never forget the day. We set our nation free on that day.
4. There are 40 students in here. Most of them are Javanese.

5. Dr. Bambang is an excellent lecturer. He lives near my house.
6. We have to study hard. English exam will be next week. [because]
7. They were paid so cheap. They continued working there. [although]
8. Tell me the truth, or I wont leave you get out of here. [until]
9. I often walk past her house. The doors are always open.[whenever]
10.I was bending over to pick up my pen. My pants split. [just after]
NOUN CLAUSES
Once again, like the NOUN, Content Clauses (= Noun Clauses) can be
as Subject, Object (Direct, Indirect, after Preposition), or Complement.
Subject
Who finishes first will get a present.

What goes up must come down.
Direct Obj.
They think that the test is on the next day.

You may decide what time you want to go.
Indirect Obj. She asked whoever comes into the room a lot of questions.
The man gave whoever he knew a great sum of money.
Obj. of Prep
We talked about what seemed to be the right solution.

You can speak to whoever you meet first.
Complement Love is what you can give.

What you see is what you get.
= wysiwyg
NOUN CLAUSES
Dependent clause sebagai NOUN: Subject, Object atau Complement
Menggunakan Subordinators:
Asal kalimat
Subordinator yg digunakan Diterjemahkan:
Statement
(That)
Bahwa
Who
Siapa
Which
Yang mana
What
Apa
When
Kapan
Where
Di mana / ke mana
Why
Kenapa
Whoever, Whatever, etc
Siapapun / siapa saja
Wh-Questions
How much/many/often etc Berapa banyak/sering

Yes/No
Questions
If
Jika / apakah
Whether
Jika / apakah
Check the FORMAT:

1. Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause: membentuk Kalimat Kompleks.
2. Noun Clause: sebagai Noun; Adjective Clause: sebagai Adjective.
3. Sebagian Noun Clause terlihat SAMA atau MIRIP dg Ajective Clause,
terutama yang menggunakan kata penghubung yang sama:
WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHEN, WHERE, dan WHY.
Bagaimana membedakannya?
Perhatikan FORMATnya: Noun clauses (CLAUSE as NOUN) functions
as Subject (diikuti oleh VERB), Direct/Indirect Object (setelah VERB),
Object of Preposition (setelah PREPOSITION), or as Complement (setelah
TO BE or LINKING VERB).
Adjective clauses (as ADJECTIVE) functions as Modifier of NOUN.
FORMAT: ditempatkan setelah NOUN (NOUN dulu baru Adj.Clause).
Who can answer all the questions will get A+. Subj Noun Clause.
Students who can answer all the questions will get A+. stlh N Adj Cl.
I dont believe that he bought hats in the market. stlh Verb: Obj: Noun Cl.
I like the hats that he bought in the market. stlh Noun Adj Cl.
We will discuss about when the raise in oil price will be on. Obj.Prep: N Cl.
June is the time when the raise in oil price will be on. stlh Noun Adj Cl.
NOUN CLAUSES
Perhatikan perubahan dari kalimat simpel menjadi NOUN CLAUSE.
Learning English needs patience and lots of practice. [statement]
That learning English needs patience and lots of practice is true.
Noun Clause as Subject
Vb C:Adj
I know that learning English needs patience and lots of practice.
S
Vb
Noun Clause as Object
Where did she go last night?
Where she went last night is still a mystery.
Vb C:Adj
They want to know where she went last night.
S
Vb
[Wh-Question]
What have you put into this food?

[Wh-Question]
What you have put into this food makes me sick.
Vb Obj Adj
They are investigating what you have put into this food.
S
Vb
How did she put the sugar into the cake?

[Wh-Question]
How she put the sugar into the cake made people confused.
Vb
Obj
Adj
They often asked her how she put the sugar into the cake.
S
advb Vb
O1
Noun Clause as Object2
Why cant the government eradicate corruption? [Wh-Question]
Why the government cant eradicate corruption is a big question.
Vb
C:Noun
Our question is why the government cant eradicate corruption.
S
Vb
Noun Clause as Complement
Do you understand this explanation?

[Yes-No Question]
Whether you understand this explanation is very important.
Vb
C:Adj
I need to know whether you understand this explanation.
S
Vb
Have you done the Quiz on Tenses in BeSmart?

[Yes-No Question]
Whether youve done the Quiz on Tenses in BeSmart is my concern.
Vb
C:Noun
She wonders if you have done the Quiz on Tenses in BeSmart.
S
Vb
NOUN CLAUSES
Noun Clause of indirect Question must follow the STATEMENT word order.
The fact is very confusing.
That she won the election was very confusing.
[noun phrase]
[noun clause]
His story was interesting.

What he said to me last night was interesting.
[noun phrase]
[noun clause]
Where does she live? I dont know.

I dont know where she lives.
[Direct question]
[noun clause]
Why didnt you come our last meeting? Tell me. [Direct question]
Tell me why you didnt come our last meeting. [noun clause]
Does she like ice cream? I wonder it.

I wonder whether she likes ice cream or not.
[Direct question]
[noun clause]
When will we have our final test? Do you know? [Direct question]
Do you know when we will have our final test? [noun clause]
Noun Clauses
Perhatikan contoh klausa: whoever made the rescue = disimbolkan dgn
. Sebagai Noun Clause, bisa berada pada 4 jenis fungsi NOUN tadi:
was very brave. must be honored. might get hurt. sbg Subject.
I will invite . The President has met . sbg Direct Object.

Hell give rewards to . We always pray for . sbg Obj of Preposition
What he asked is . Our concern today is . sbg Complement
Whoever made the rescue was very brave. Whoever made the
rescue must be honored. Whoever made the rescue might get hurt.
I will invite whoever made the rescue . The President has met
whoever made the rescue.
Hell give rewards to whoever made the rescue . We always pray for
What he asked is whoever made the rescue . Our concern today is
Additional Examples
a. _____ was caused by breathing impure air was once a common belief.
A. Malaria
B. That malaria
C. Why malaria D. Because malaria
Perhatikan kalimatnya: ada dua VERB, berarti ada 2 Clause (:kal.kompleks)
(A) salah, karena tidak membentuk kalimat kompleks.
(D) salah, karena conj. because di awal kalimat, berarti main-clause (S+V)
ada di akhir kal dan harus dipisahkan dengan tanda koma dari anak kal.
(B) menunjukkan Noun clause yg berasal dari Statement.
(C) menunjukkan Noun clause yg berasal dari WH-Question.
Kalimat soal menunjukkan bhw Noun clause-nya adalah sesuatu yg dulu
dipercayai orang (a common belief), berarti itu adalah suatu pernyataan,
BUKAN pertanyaan. Berarti jawabannya adalah: (B).
Terjemahannya: Bahwa penyakit malaria disebabkan oleh udara yang kotor

merupakan hal yang dahulu dipercayai orang secara umum.
Atau bisa juga: Orang-orang dulu banyak yang percaya bahwa malaria
disebabkan oleh udara yang tercemar.
b. One basic question psychologists have tried to answer is _____.

A. people learn
C. people learn how
B. how do people learn
D. how people learn
Di sini, main clause One basic question is diikuti oleh Adjective Clause
psychologists have tried to answer (perhatikan posisinya setelah NOUN).
Main clause: Verb-nya to be, berarti diikuti Complement. Semua jawaban
terdiri dari S+V Noun Clause. Lihat Main Clause: tentang question.
(A) salah, bukan berasal dari Question. (B) salah, format: question form.
(C) juga salah, karena susunannya bukan format statement.
(D) benar, Noun clause dari WH-Question, & formatnya berupa Statement.
Terjemahannya: Salah satu pertanyaan dasar yang dicoba dijawab oleh

para ahli psikologi adalah bagaimana orang belajar.
Atau bisa juga: Salah satu pertanyaan dasar yang para ahli psikologi coba
menjawabnya adalah bagaimana orang mempelajari sesuatu.
c. _____ begin their existence as ice crystals over most of the earth seems
likely.
A. Raindrops
C. What if raindrops
B. If raindrops
D. That raindrops
(A) salah, karena tidak membentuk kalimat kompleks.
(D) juga salah, karena conj. if di awal kalimat, berarti main-clause (S+V) ada
di akhir kal dan harus dipisahkan dengan tanda koma dari anak kal.
(B) salah, menunjukkan Noun clause berasal dari WH-Question, tetapi tidak
cocok dengan verb+complement di akhir kalimat.
(C) benar, Noun clause dari Statement, sbg Subject, cocok dgn akhir
kalimat.
Terjemahannya: Bahwa tetesan air hujan mulai terbentuk sebagai kristal es

di atas sebagian besar bumi kelihatannya memungkinkan.
Atau bisa juga: Terasa masuk akal bahwa tetesan air hujan itu terbentuknya
bermula dari zat berupa kristal es di atas sebagian besar bumi.

Compound Complex Sentences

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Compound Complex Sentences

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COMPOUND and

Yosa A. Alzuhdy , M.Hum.

The man took a magazine from the highest shelf.

The VERB must be in accordance with SUBJECT,

2. We will have the mid semester exam in a few days.

4. She didnt follow the interview yesterday.

5. My girlfriend is in Jakarta right now.

Combining 2 or more Sentences

The girl is very clever. Nobody likes her.

Yosa A. Alzuhdy - YSU

bought this book, and I also sent the package. (dan)

Lebih-lebih lagi Sementara itu Kalau tidak

1. I bought this book, and I also sent the package.

He always comes to class on time, but he often feels sleepy in class.

1. I bought this book; furthermore, I also sent the package.

He always comes to class on time; however, he often feels sleepy in class.

Adverb Clause Connectors (Subordinators)

S+Vb Subordinator S+Vb

He feels very tired since he has been working hard. (karena)

Yosa A. Alzuhdy - YSU

He came to the course although he felt very tired, (meskipun)

Using COORDINATE CONNECTORS

Yosa A. Alzuhdy - YSU

then, later, next sentence connectors.

Using SUBORDINATE CONNECTORS

Perhatikan juga format kalimatnya: perlu subordinate connector di awal kal.

Other ADVERB CONNECTORS

Clause: You will get a good grade on the exam.

Yosa A. Alzuhdy - YSU

The Subordinate Clause can function as:

Yosa A. Alzuhdy - YSU

1. ADJECTIVE Adjective Clause that modifies NOUN.

Adjective Clause Connectors

Yosa A. Alzuhdy - YSU

Relative Pronoun Menggantikan

Posisi yg diganti: Diterjemahkan

Catatan Tambahan: Bila Relative Pronoun menggantikan OBJECT, maka

(3) He was awarded a Nobel Prize yesterday.

(6) My friend is married to the man.

(1-6) The man whom my friend is married to is a lecturer.

Other Examples: Adj.Clause

(3) The book tells about Indonesian history.

See the examples

Yosa A. Alzuhdy - YSU

(4) We are looking at a house. (5) The house is quite expensive.

1. Practice: Combine using Adj.Clause

5. The picture is beautiful. My daughter painted it yesterday.

5. The picture that my daughter painted yesterday is beautiful.

People conserved water as often as they could.

Perhatikan: bagaimana hubungan yang

3. I cant pay my bills. I havent received my paycheck yet. [until]

Yosa A. Alzuhdy - YSU

4. Anita has gone to many places.

2. Practice: Rewrite with the given conjunction

Yosa A. Alzuhdy - YSU

Exercise: Combine Accordingly

4. There are 40 students in here. Most of them are Javanese.

Who finishes first will get a present.

They think that the test is on the next day.

We talked about what seemed to be the right solution.

Complement Love is what you can give.

Subordinator yg digunakan Diterjemahkan:

Whoever, Whatever, etc

Siapapun / siapa saja