Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR:
OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY AND COMPARISON OF ARTICLES
CRITIQUES OF ARTICLES
HOW THIS TASK BENEFITS US AS A STUDENT OF
LINGUISTIC THEORY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Identifying the
aim, research
questions,
theoretical
frameworks
and the
findings of
both articles.
Compare and
contrast both
articles in terms
of positive
aspects and
limitations in
order to provide
in-depth critique.
Conclude our
findings based on
the comparison
with extra
attention is given
to how the
metaphor-based
analysis is
conducted in
both articles.
ARTICLE 1
BACKGROUN Title:
D INFO
Metaphor at work in the analysis of political
discourse: investigating a preventive war
persuasion strategy
Author:
Federica Ferrari
Journal:
Discourse & Society, Volume 18 (5)
Year published:
2007
Pages:
603-625
ARTICLE 2
Title:
Britain as a container: Immigration metaphors
in the 2005 election campaign
Author:
Jonathan Charteris-Black
Journal:
Discourse & Society, Volume 17 (5)
Year published:
2007
Pages:
563-581
ARTICLE 1
ARTICLE 2
CONTEXTU
AL
INFORMATI
ON
RESEARCH
AIM
ARTICLE 1
ARTICLE 2
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORKS
1. Conceptual metaphor
2. Pathos as a persuasion tool
3. Critical Discourse Analysis
1. Conceptual metaphor
2. Critical discourse analysis
RESEARCH
METHODS
Dataset
George W. Bush public speeches
Analysis framework of the dataset
Micro-macro analysis
Dataset
The British right-wing corpus (13
speeches by members of the
Conservative Party, the party political
manifestos, 18 press articles from the
Migrationwatch UK website)
Analysis Framework of the Dataset
1. Lexical analysis : the words immigrant
and immigration
2. Application of types of metaphors
3. Classification of metaphors according to
their source domains
4. General rhetorical analysis
To identify how metaphors contribute
to legitimacy formation
By identifying an interaction between
the two major conceptual groupings
identified: disasters and containers
ARTICLE 1
FINDINGS
Macro analysis
IDEOLOGICAL
BASIS:
PERSUASIVE
STRATEGY:
CONFLICT
FRAME
(good vs. evil, us vs.
them)
STRATEGY OF
FEAR (construction
of external vs.
internal space,
confidence vs. fear)
ARTICLE 1
FINDING
S
Micro analysis
Metaphor
State as a
person
Conflict as a
fight
Spatial
(container)
metaphor
Security as a
belt
Struggle as a
path
Emotive
appeals
Anger
Rage
Fear
Pride
Contempt
ARTICLE 1
FINDING
S
Conceptual implications:
-Characteristics of a person are mapped onto the state. E.g: having feelings/being a
subject to actions/able to react to actions
We must find who inflicted the wound (find the enemy)- us vs. them we are the
victim (good), they are evil because the cause us pain
-We are enduring a physical pain
Emotive appeal:
Anger (of being hurt)
Metaphor 2. Conflict as a fight
I will not relent in waging this struggle for freedom and security
Conceptual implications
-Characteristics of a fight are mapped onto the conflict.
- E.g: involves two sides (us vs. them), high level of energy
Emotive appeal:
Rage (having to fight with them)
ARTICLE 1
FINDINGS
ARTICLE 1
FINDING
S
Emotive appeal:
Fear
Fear strategy:
the construction of two contrasted space (container)- provide mental image of a
possibility of a break-in
An outside (locus of fear) represented as peril and threat.
An inside (locus of confidence) represented as a space of tranquility and an ideal of
perfection.
ARTICLE 1
FINDING
S
ARTICLE 1
FINDING
S
FINDINGS OF ARTICLE 2
2 Conceptual
Groupings
A.
B.
Britain is
a container
Immigration
is a disaster
I. Natural
disaster
II. Social
disaster
1. NATION
2. OPENING
is a
container
the
container
3.
1. FLOW
and WAVE
2. FLOOD
3. The
immigration
system
4.
Governments
incompetence
PRESSURES
on the
container
from the
INSIDE
5. +
container
metaphor
4. A BUILD
UP OF
PRESSURE
Immigration is a disaster
Natural disaster : Liquid (movement = changes)
FLOW AND WAVE:
1. A BNP government would accept no further immigration from any of the parts of the world which present the
prospect of an almost limitless flow of immigration.
2. Britain also faces a further massive and unnecessary wave of immigration from Eastern Europe
FLOOD-RELATED
Hyperbolism
I. So, unless a flood of refugees from a
civil war in France or Denmark
Increase
I. A few years ago there was a growing flood of Roma
asylum seekers
Decrease
I. Legislation in the early 1970s was
intended to reduce this to a trickle.
Immigration is a disaster
Social disaster
THE IMMIGRATION SYSTEM
In many cases, disaster metaphors refer to the immigration system itself (rather than to immigration per se)
Implies a conceptualization that the immigration system is a social disaster.
1. The revelations, in recent weeks, about the meltdown in the immigration system
GOVERNMENTS INCOMPETENCE
Immigration system is failing = immigration itself is a negative social phenomenon
1. Where has the Government been for the past eight years as our border controls were allowed to crumble?
2. The truth is that immigration and asylum are indeed out of control.
Political correctness
1. Its not racist to talk about immigration, and not racist to criticize the system. (to create a relationship of
equivalence, grounds for fear, terrorism). This leads to :
The social phenomenon of immigration is dangerous
1. It is only through a combination of tough anti terror laws and strict border controls that we will defeat the
terrorist threat. (double metonymy: TERRORIST FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT (criminal) and ILLEGAL
IMMIGRANT FOR IMMIGRANT)
2. Firm border controls are essential if we are to:
- Limit immigration;
-Fight crime; and
Britain is a container
1. The NATION IS A CONTAINER
Britain is full up
Britains geographical status as an island encourages this.
Container = a bounded space, could be in 2, 3 or more dimensions, may be mental or physical.
2005 Conservative campaign : Securing Britains Borders
Secure = notions of security from threat, equates immigration with invasion the potential for perception of
container
2. OPENING THE CONTAINER = a conscious choice
Miss Hughes was praised for turning around the asylum problem, but managed immigration ran out of the
control, as Britain prepared to open its gates to a flood of immigrants
3. PRESSURES ON THE CONTAINER FROM THE INSIDE
The majority of immigrants settle in London and the South East, where pressures on housing are most
pronounced.
4. A BUILD UP OF PRESSURE
Europes most densely-populated country was full to bursting point,
5. POSITIVE CONTAINER METAPHOR
Britain is refreshed and renewed by the influx of new people
ARTICLE 1
CONCLUSIO
N
ARTICLE 2
Metaphors contribute to the formation of
legitimacy in right-wing political
communication on immigration through
the use of two categories:
1. Those related to disasters
2. Those related to containment
Both categories are related to:
Liquid metaphors : evoke historical
experience related to invasion and control
over the sea.
Bounded area: a space that is protected
from an outside source of danger.
Emotional domain: Arouse emotions like
fear and the desire for protection
Far-right discourse represents
immigration as a natural disaster
Centre-right represents immigration
system as a disaster.
ASPECT 2:
RESEARCH
METHODS
ASPECT 3:
FINDINGS
POSITIVE ASPECTS
LIMITATIONS
ASPECT 4:
CONCLUSION
Explain the
connection between
emotion and
metaphor, emotion
is grounded in
metaphor concept
of bodily
experiences.
Without all these connections being explained-very challenging to make sense why
metaphor and emotion are tied together as the analytical tools to deconstruct ideology
in a persuasive discourse.
This fulfill the characteristics of good literature review- not just citing relevant research but making connections
between the concepts and theories which results in a rich context for the research (Boote & Beile, 2005)
Consequences: Makes it hard for the readers to understand how strategy of fear works as persuasion
strategy as it could be manipulation strategy as well because it fits the definition of language
manipulation provided by the author. Failure in defining key terms clearly could jeopardize consumers
confidence in the given research (Hopkins, 1999).
The author has included vast resources: primary, secondary, and conceptual/theoretical.
This follows the description of effective resources by Colling (2003) (as cited in Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan,
2008).
The central topic of the research has been written in-depth by introducing other types of
metaphors used in real political discourse like security policy, unemployment and racism before
describing immigration. This follows the fact that authentic texts are likely to outline the
speakers beliefs as they are in real life (Neagu, 2011).
Not only that, impacts of metaphors in electoral campaigns from other countries are also
shared to deliver the relevance of the topic to readers. A complete review covers relevant
Explains what
constitutes macro
analysis and what
constitutes micro
analysis- what
theoretical frameworks
involved in each level of
analysis
Rhetorical analysis focuses specifically on the nature and character of rhetoric and its
place in political analysis (Glynos, Howarth, Norval & Speed, 2009).
ASPECT 3: FINDINGS
Findings should answer what was found (results) from
the carried out study (Derntl, 2014).
ASPECT 4: CONCLUSION
Synthesize the findings using three thematically description of how emotion, metaphor and
persuasion connect in political discourse (refer to summary part)
2. Not only re-acknowledging/re-emphasize in-context issues (i.e metaphor and emotion are
relevant tools to analyse persuasive strategies in political discourse)
but
makes the readers aware of broader issue (i.e there are other analytical tools that can benefit
critical discourse analysis)
1. Strengthen our
general knowledge of
conceptual
metaphor/cognitive
metaphor
2. Discover/explore the
use of metaphor as
rhetorical strategy in
discourse particularly
political discourse
3. See a relationship
between metaphor and
ideology: acknowledge
the fact that metaphor
could have an
ideological implication
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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Neagu, M. I. (2011). Decoding political discourse: An interplay of argument structures, conceptual metaphors and politeness principles (Unpublished
dissertation). University of Babes-Bolyai: Romania.
Sarfo, E. & Krampa, E. A. (2013). Language at war: A Critical Discourse Analysis of speeches of Bush and Obama on terrorism. International J. Soc. Sci. &
Education, 3(2), 378-390.
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and practice (114-137). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
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