Class 7

Introduction to Electric Motors

Firmansyah Nur Budiman
Lab. Transmisi & Distribusi
Jurusan Teknik Elektro & Teknologi Informasi FT UGM

Introduction
Electric motors are everywhere:
In the factory

Electric
Motors
In the shop:
-Tool
-Fan

90% are induction motors

At home:
-Air conditioner
-Hair dryer
-Blender
In the office:
-Printer
-Cooling fan for
electronic devices

Terminology
Rotor & stator

Terminology
Armature & field
Armature circuit
(1) Carries current
(2) Has few turns of larger wire
carrying relatively large currents
(3) For induction motor: on the
rotor

Field circuit
Produce magnetic flux
Has many turns of wire carrying
relatively small currents
For induction motor: on the
stator

Types:
(i) single-phase motor (ii) three-phase motor

Motor Characterization in Steady-State

Operation

Input electrical
power

Output
mechanical
power
Efficiency

1f motor

3f motor

Pin VLN I PF

Pin 3VLL I PF

Pout

nT
T
9.55

Pout / Pin

Motor Characterization in Steady-State

Operation
Example:
Consider a 50-Hz, single-phase induction motor
with the following nameplate information:
1 hp, 1725 rpm, 220 V, 14.4 A, efficiency = 68%
Find the output torque, the power factor, and
the cost of operating the motor per day if
electric power costs 1000 IDR/kWh!

The Motor with a Load

Typical motor and load characteristics:

The Motor with a Load

Typical motor and load characteristics:

The Motor with a Load

Motor-load interaction:

INDUCTION MOTOR

Induction Motor Principle

(1) The field windings are on the stator
(2) The current in the field windings set up a
rotating magnetic flux, which in turn induces
voltage in the rotor
(3) The voltage in the rotor drives currents that
interact with the flux to produce torque

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

Nameplate Information
Information contained on nameplate of 3f
induction motor:
50 horsepower
Three phases
1765 rpm
NEMA 326T frame
208-230/460 V
140-122/61 A
Time rating: continuous
Insulation class: F
Not given: Torque

1.15 service factor

Maximum ambient temperature: 400C
NEMA code: G
NEMA design: B
NEMA nominal efficiency: 92.4%
NEMA minimum efficiency: 91.0%

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Nameplate Information
Power rating:
Power rating of this motor is 50 hp.
It doesnt mean that the motor will put out 50 hp
on all occasions.
Maximum power = service factor x nominal
rating.
If the motor is supplied with 460 V and if load
demands exactly 50 hp, then the motor speed
will be 1765 rpm and the input current will be 61
A.
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Nameplate Information
NEMA frame 326T
NEMA: National Electrical Manufacturers
Association.
326T frame the motor output shaft diameter:
2 inches and is centered 8 inches above the
base of all motors.

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Nameplate Information
Voltage & current rating:

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Nameplate Information
Thermal specification:
Time rating is continuous operation.
Insulation class F maximum temperature of
insulation should not exceed 1550C.

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Nameplate Information
NEMA code G:
NEMA code tells the starting-current
requirements.
Code G means 5.60 to 6.29 kVA/hp

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Nameplate Information
NEMA design B:
Design A: high run efficiency, high breakover torque,
moderate starting torque and high starting current.
Design B: moderate run efficiency, moderate breakover
torque, moderate starting torque and low starting
current.
Design C: similar to design B but has higher starting
torque and is more expensive.
Design D: relatively low run efficiency, extremely high
starting torque which is also breakover torque, and low
starting current.
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Nameplate Information
Motor output torque:
Nameplate torque is not given but may be
deduced from output power and speed:
TNP

Pout

50 746

202Nm
1765 2 / 60

Nameplate Information
Torque vs speed:
T ( m ) slope m NL
NL m
T ( m ) TNP
NL NP

1800 n
202

1800 1765

Nameplate Information
Example (pump load):
The 50-hp motor with the torque given by
NL m
T ( m ) TNP
NL NP

1800 n
202

1800 1765

drives a pump with a torque requirement of

2

n
TL 1.2 100
Nm
1800

Find the speed at which the motor-pump operates

and the power required by the pump!

Nameplate Information
Example (long extension cord):
A saws-all electric saw is rated at 120 V, 8 A
single-phase. The saw is used with 100 ft of 16/3
extension cord. How much do the motor losses
increase as a result of the extension cord?

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SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

Nameplate Information
Example of nameplate:
Phase 1
Frame L56
Hz 60
Volts 115
400C
SF 1.35

Type CS
HP 1/3
RPM 1725
Amps 5.8
Insulation class A

Types:
CS capacitor-start/induction-run motor has high starting torque and moderate
run efficiency
SP split-phase motor has low starting torque and moderate run efficiency
CR capacitor-start/capacitor-run motor has high starting torque and high run
efficiency, and is more expensive