MIND MAP YEAR 4

12/25/2014

1.1 Understanding that humans have basic needs

Give energy
Grow

To breathe

Stay healthy
Food

Air

Basic Needs
Of Human

Water

Shelter

Drinks
Grow
Stay healthy

To protect from
danger
extreme weather
sun & rain

1.2 Understanding that animals have basic needs

Give energy
Grow

To breathe

Stay healthy
Food

Air

Basic Needs
Of Animals

Water

Types :
holes
cave
nest
beehive
Shelter

Drinks
Grow
Stay healthy

To protect from
danger
extreme weather
sun & rain

1.3 Understanding that plants have basic needs

Plants Have Basic Needs

Air

With :
grow healthy
grow well
not wilted

Water

Sunlight

Without :
wilted
Turn yellow
Die

2.1 Analysing life processes that humans undergo

Nose/Mouth

Wind-pipe

Inhale take in air

Lungs

Exhale give out air

Purpose :
avoid danger

Organs
Breathing

avoid getting hurt

avoid getting injured
to survive

Respond To
Stimuli

Rate of breath
Number of chest movement
In a period of time

Analysing Life Processes That

Human Undergo

Organs
Excrete

Defecate

Reproduce
A process to produce
Their young or offspring

Eyes - Sight
Nose - Smell

Lungs

Faeces

Tongue - Taste

( Carbon dioxide
+ water vapour )

Ears - Sound

Kidney ( urine + mineral salt )

Skin - Touch

Skin ( Sweat + mineral salt )

2.2 Being aware that certain behaviour can disturb life processes

Behaviour That Can Disturb

Life Processes

Smoking

Drinking Alcohol

Effects
Lung cancer

Taking Drug

Effects
Delay respond to stimuli

Coughing

How to avoid

Lose ability to walk in straight line

Can cause accidents

Participate in a campaign
Discourage among their peers

2.3 Analysing the life processes that animals undergo

Animals Life Processes

Excrete

Defecate

To get rid of waste product

from their bodies

Breathing

Organs

Reproduce

Lay Eggs

cat
tiger
bat
whale

butterfly
bird

Lungs
monkey

Gills
fish

bird
whale

prawn

Lungs-book
crab

Moist
Skin
frog
earthworm

Give Birth

Trachea
Structure
insects

Science Year 4
INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS
2. Living Things Undergo Life Processes
plants respond to stimuli.

the part of plant that responds

to water

water, sunlight, touch, gravity.

Roots

various ways plants reproduce

throughseeds, spores, suckers, stem cutting,
leaves, underground stem.

the part of plant that responds

to gravity.

2.4
Life processes
plants undergo
what will happen to the world if
plants do not reproduce.

Roots

the part of plant that responds

to sunlight.
Shoot

no food supply.

plants reproduce.

why plants need to reproduce

to ensure the survival of the species.

Seeds balsam, corn, durian

Spores fern, mushroom
Suckers banana, pineapple
Stem cutting hibiscus, rose, tapioca
Leaves bryophyllum, begonia
Stem potato, onion, ginger and lily

the part of plant that responds

to touch.

3.1 animals have specific characteristics and

behaviour to protect themselves

Special characteristics
of animals that protect them
from danger.

Thick and hard skin

To prevent their enemies from injuring
Hard shell
Snails and tortoise retract their head
And legs into the shell when the are
Attacked by enemies

Hard scales
Pangolins and crocodiles have hard
scales To protect their bodies
from injuries

The special characteristics and

behaviour of animals help to
protect them from danger.

special behaviour
of animals that protect them
from danger.

Sharp claws
To protect themselves and their
Young from the enemies- lion ,cat,
Bears, and eagle.
Pretend to dead
To trick their enemies e.g.: beetle

Camouflage
Has body colour or patterns that that are
Similar to the surrounding

Spines
Raise the sharp spines when
the enemies
Advance towards them

Spray black ink

Dark surrounding helps the animal not
to been seen by enemies
e.g: octopus, squid

Horns
Use their horn to attack enemies.

Poisonous sting or fangs

Can hurt and kill enemies-e.g..: scorpion,
centipede snake , bee.

3.2/3.3
Animals have specific characteristics
and behaviour to protect themselves from
extreme weather and survive

specific characteristics and

behavior of animals that protect
them from very hot and cold weather.
Hot weather

Wrinkled Skin
Elephant ,hippopotamuses and buffaloes
lose body heat through wrinkled skins
Wallowing
Elephant, hippopotamuses and buffaloes
keep their body cool by wallowing in
mud holes

Humps
Camels store food and water in the form
Of fats in the humps on their back.

how specific characteristics and

behavior of animals help to protect
them from very hot or cold weather.
Cold weather
Thick Fur
Polar bears have thick fur to prevent the body
From losing heat to cold surroundings.
Fat Layers Under The Skins
Penguins, seals, and whales have fat layers under
their skin to keep their bodies warm
Small Ears
Seals and Walruses have small ears to prevent
Heat loss from their bodies.
Hibernate
Polar bears hibernates during extreme cold
Weather

3.4 Plants have

specific characteristics to protect
themselves from enemy

The specific characteristics

How the specific

of plants that protect them

from enemies

Produces

characteristics of
plants help to
protect them
from enemies.

characteristics that
protect plants.

latex

Have thorns
poisonous

Have fine hairs

Close leaflets
when touch

3.5 Plants have specific characteristics to

protect themselves from dry region and
strong wind

strong wind

dry region

Eg : cactus

a.
b.
c.

Long roots to absorb water

Succulent stem can store
water
Thorn can can prevent
the excessive loss of
water

Eg: Coconut tree,

bamboo tree,
.
mangrove tree

a.
b.
c.
d.

Have stems that bend easily

Have buttress roots
Have separated leaves
Needle- shaped leaves

INVESTIGATING FORCE
AND ENERGY

1.2 Area

1.1 Length

Volume

1.4 Liquid

MEASUREMENT

1.7 Standard units

1.3 Solid

1.6 Time

1.5 Mass

Terminology

Measuring tape

String

Arm span
Cubit

- The distance
between two
points/place/position

Ways to measure
Ruler

1.1Length

Standard Tools

Correct technique
Measuring tape

- The eye must be

directly above the
end of object

Unit
mm

cm

km

Ruler

1.2 Area

Terminology

Standard unit

- Square millimetre (mm2)

- Square centimetre (cm2)
- Square metre (m2)
- Square kilometre (km2)

- Area is the amount of

Space taken up by the
surface of an object.
Different ways to measure area

- Using formula
- by placing uniform
objects such as tiles,
books and stamps
on the surface of
the objects

- Using square card with a

2cm

sides of 1 centimetre

3cm

4cm

Area = length X width

1cm
3cm

1cm

= 4cm X 2 cm
= 8cm2

The amount of space that

something takes up

measuring
cylinder

Terminology
Length x width x height

Formula

Tools

Volume

1.4 Liquid
Standard Units

1.3 Solid
Correct technique
Standard Units
mm3, cm3, m3

a) taking the reading at the

lowest part of the meniscus.
b) eyes must be at the same level
as the lowest part of the meniscus

ml, l

Terminology

Correct technique

- Amount of matter in
an object

1.5 Mass
Electronic
balance

Simple
balance

Beam
balance

Tools

Kitchen
scale

Bathroom
scale

Lever
balance

Standard unit

mg

kg

Terminology

Standard unit

1.6 Time
- Second , minute , hour

- Duration between
two event

Way to measure
Tool
Process that repeats uniformly
can be used to measure time

Events can be used measuring time

Old clock

-Swinging pendulum
-Pulse rate candle

- Sundial , sand clock ,

candle clock

-water dripping
-Changing day and night

- Digital clock , watch ,

wrist watch , clock

1.7 The Importance of Standard Units

- for accuracy and

consistency

- easy to communicate
and understanding

INVESTIGATING
MATERIALS

metal

carbon

Conduct
electricity

glass

plastics

Light to pass
through

wood

Insulator

1.1
The properties of materials

Float on water

Sink in water

wood

stone

Can be stretch

rubber ring

conduct heat

metal

1.2
Applying knowledge
properties of materials in everyday life
Suggest ways
to keep things hot

Suggest ways
to keep things cold

Covered with insulators

hot thing

cold thing

To prevent
heat loss

prevent from
absorbing heat

1.3
Uses of
materials based on their properties

List of object
and materials that they
are made of

object

materials

properties

spoon

metal

hard

tissue

wood

Soft

glasses

glass

transparent

Reason why particular

materials are used to
make an object

cheap
easy to get

strength
good quality

1.4
The importance of
reuse, reduce and recycle of materials
wood

cotton

natural
materials

metal

plastics

rubber

synthetic cloth

Man-made
materials

glass

State that man-made materials

comes from natural materials

reducing

public transport

reusing

plastic bag

recycling

bottle

plastics

glass

1.6

RUSTING CAN PREVENTED

DIFFERENT WAYS TO
PREVENT OBJECTS FROM
RUSTING

Coating with non

rusting materials
*paint

*oil
*grease

THE NECESSARY TO
PREVENT RUSTING

*Everlasting Live
*Save Natural
material
*Save Cost
*Looking good

*Conclusion; Rusting can be avoided by preventing iron contact

with air and water.

UNDERSTANDING THAT SOME

MATERIALS CAN BE RUST

RUSTY OBJECTS

NON RUSTY
OBJECTS

OBJECT MADE OF
IRON AND STEEL

OBJECT MADE OF
GLASS PLASTIC,
WOOD, CLAY AND SILK

*Nail
*Spoon
*Knife
*Needle

*Glass
*Bottle
*Cup
*Pencil

-Nine Planets
-Natural satellites
-Meteors
-Comets
-Asteroids

THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM

List of
constituents

Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto

My
Very
Excellent
Mother
Just
Served
Us
Nine
Pudding
List of planets

1.1
The solar system
Planets
move around
the Sun

the Sun

the Earth

the Earth

100

the Moon
4

1
Size of the Sun
relative to the size
of the Earth.

1.2 The relative size

and distance between
the Earth, the Moon
and the Sun

Size of the Earth

relative to the size
of the Moon.

The relative distance from

the Earth to the Sun compared
to the relative distance from the
Earth to the Moon.

the Earth

the Moon

the Sun
382 500 km

150 000 000 km

1

400

The nearer a planet to the Sun is,

the hotter is the surface of the planet .
The farther a planet from the Sun is,
the colder is the surface of the planet.
Do not have enough air and water.

Much nearer :
The temperature on the Earth would rise.
Water on Earth would evaporate.
No water and the temperature would be
very hot.
Much farther :
The temperature on the Earth would drop.
Water would freeze into ice.
All living things would die.

1.3
Appreciating the perfect placement
of the planet Earth in the
Solar System
Why certain planets
are not conducive
for living things.

The Earth is
the only planet in the
Solar System that
has living things.

EFFECT

Earth is the third planet from the Sun, it receives enough light
and heat from the Sun.
It is not too hot or too cold.
The atmosphere of the Earth contains air and there is water
on Earth.

INVESTIGATING
TECHNOLOGY

1.1.Understanding the importance of technology in everyday life

Limitation of human ability

Microscope
- The usage of lens to see fine
features of objects and microbes
Microphone
-To increase the voice volume
Telephone
-To communicate from long distance
Bicycle, motorcycle, airplanes
-Can travel long distance
in a shorter time
Telescope, binocular
- To see far away objects

Examples of human limitations are

Unable to see fine objects
Unable to speak loud
Unable to walk for long distance
Unable to see far away objects

Devices to overcome
human limitation

TECHNOLOGY

Agriculture

e.g.:

1.2

hoe

Understanding The
Development Of
Technology

plough

tractor

combine harvester
Transportation
Land: Animal bicycle
car
train

Examples

Construction
Cave

hut
wooden house
apartment

Air: hot air balloon airship

glider
aeroplane
Water: canoe
raft
sampan
ferry
ship
Communication
Drawing

carrier pigeon

Telephone

TECHNOLOGY

Cannot move farther

Problems they
encounter in their daily life

1.3
Synthesising
how technology
can be used to
solve problems

Cannot move and lift heavy thing

Brain storming

Ideas to solve
the problems identified
wheelbarrow

Demonstrate that device

invented can be used to
solve the problem
identified
Pully can lift everything

Sketch the model

Device to solve
the problem identified.

lever

Wheel barrow can move heavything easily

1.4 Analysing That Technology Can Benefit Mankind If Used Wisely

Advantages of Technology

Communication
Enable human to learn more about
things happening around the world
Transportation
Enable human to travel
far away places in shorter time
Agriculture
Machines make it easier to plants
and harvest their crops
Construction
Roads, highways, bridges and
building is easier and faster to build

Disadvantages of Technology

Environmental pollution from increase

In waste materials

Environmental destruction result from

excessive usage of natural resources
Social problem
Bad effects on health result from
environmental pollution and excessive
use of chemicals

MIND MAP YEAR 5

12/25/2014

1.1 Understanding that microorganism is a living things

Microorganism

Bacteria

Fungi

Protozoa

Virus

Characteristics

Breathe

Cause the
dough rise

Move

Grow

Rotten oranges
Mouldy rice

Cannot see with

naked eyes
tiny

1.1 Understanding that some microorganism are harmful and some are useful

Some Organisms Are Harmful And

Some Are Useful

Useful

Prevention

Harmful

Washing hand
Making bread/
tapai/tempe/fertilizer

Can cause

Disease
Stomach upset
Measles/cough

Illness

Food
poisoning

Tooth decay
Food
stale

Tooth
decay

Conjunctivitis/mumps

Drink boiled water

Covering mouth &
nose when coughing
& sneezing

How animals take care of

their eggs and young.
Examples of animals that take
care of their eggs and young.
Bird, Frog, Spider, Fish, Snake,
turtle, Kangroo, Elephant

2.1
Survival of Animal
Species

Why animals take care of

their eggs and young.
To ensure the survival
of their species

Bird - Eggs with shell covering

Frog - Eggs are thick, slimy and having bad smell
Spider - kept in a bag underneath its body
Fish - keep their young in their mouths
Snake, Tiger - attack in order to protect their eggs
Turtle - hide their eggs
Kangaroo - carry their young in their pouches
Elephant - stay in herds

2.3
Importance

Shortage of food resource

Animals and plants species

may face extinction.

Agents of dispersal

Water

Special characteristics

Examples

Light

Coconut

Air Space in the fruits

Lily

Not water absorbent

Wind

2.2
Survival of
Plant
Species

Explosive
mechanism

Animal

Light

Shorea

Small in size

Angsana

Winged

Lalang

Dry when ripe

Explodes when mature

Rubber fruit
Balsam fruit
Chestnut

Brightly coloured

Rambutan

Edible

Mango

Have smell

Love grass

Have hooks

Mimosa

3.1 Food Chain

Animals and the

food they eat

All living things need

food to survive.
Green plant can make their
own food. However
animals cannot
make their own make
their own food.

Producer

Green plant obtain

energy from
the sun to make
food. Green
Plant as a producer

Classify animals into

herbivore, carnivore
and omnivore.

Herbivore :
Animals that eat plants only.
e.g.: cow, goat, deer

Construct food chain

The food relationship

among living things
can be shown by
a food chain.

Carnivore:
Animals that eat other animals.
e.g.: tiger, lion

Omnivore:
Animals that eat plants and
other animals

To construct food
chain It must start
with plant as
a producer.

In a food chain
the arrow
means eaten by

Consumer

Animals that eat plant

or other animals
are called consumers.

3.2 Synthesizing food chain

to construct food web.

Food
web

Food
web of different
habitats

What will happen

If there is a change in
population of a certain
species in a food web

A change in the population

of a certain species
will effect the Population
of other species
garden

Paddy field

What will happen

to a certain species
of animals if they
eat only one type
of food

They will face difficulty

to survive if the
Source of food
runs out

INVESTIGATING
FORCE AND ENERGY

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

- by living things to carry
out life processes.
Ex : moving, breathing,
growing

ENERGY
Water
- moving or
falling water
produce
energy

- to move, boil, melt,

or bounce non-living things

Why energy
is needed?

1.1 The Uses of Energy

Sun
- main source of energy
- produces light and heat

The Sources of Energy

Food
Batteries

- device that
generated
electrical energy
from chemical energy

Fuel
- wood, coal,
petroleum,
natural gas

Wind
- Moving air
- Used to pump
water, drive
small sawmills

- food contains
stored energy

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

Light energy

Electrical energy

Kinetic energy

Heat energy

Chemical energy

Form of energy

Sound energy

ENERGY

Potential energy

1.2 Energy can be transformed from

one form to another

Energy can be
transformed

a) lighting a candle
Chemical energy
heat energy + light energy
b) Kicking a ball
Chemical energy
kinetic energy
heat energy

Example of appliance that make use of

energy transform

a) Electric iron
Electrical energy heat energy
b) Radio
Electrical energy sound energy
c) Television
Electrical energy sound energy + light energy

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

Energy that
cannot
be replaced

Resources
solar, wind,
biomass fuel,
water

Non-renewable energy

Energy that be
replenished when
it is used up

ENERGY

Resources
natural gas,
petroleum,
coal

Renewable energy

1.3 Renewable and

Non-renewable Energy
How to use energy

Why use energy wisely

Avoid
wastage
Some energy
resources cannot
be replenished
when used up

Reduce
pollution
To save
cost

Turn off the

television when
no one
watching it

Switch off the

lights before
going to leave
the room

Dry cell

Electricity

Precautions

Sources

Dynamo
Solar cell

Danger of mishandling
electrical appliances
Fire

Burn

Electric shock
Safety
precautions to be
taken when using
appliances

Accumulator

Electrocution
Parallel circuit

Type of circuit

Series circuit

Name
Dry cell

Do not touch electrical

appliances with wet hand
Do not repair electrical
appliances on your own

Symbol and component

Differences

Connecting
wire
Switch

The bulb in the parallel circuit is brighter

then the bulb in the series circuit

Bulb

Symbol

Light
Can be reflected

Travel in a straight line

How ?

Uses of reflection
How shadow
is formed

When light is
completely
or partially
blocked by
an opaque
object

Periscope

Kaleidoscope

The light that

falls on objects
bounces off
the objects and
comes to your
eyes

Side mirror of a car

mirror
Opaque object

Light
Shadow form

Heat

The effects of heat

on matter

Matter expands
when heated

Matter contract
when cooled

Gain

Warmer

Loss

Cooler

How to measure temperature

using the correct technique

INVESTIGATING
MATERIALS

wood

water

solid

milk

air

liquid

stone

gas
stem

examples

1.1 Matter exist in the form of solid, liquid or gas

Properties of solid

has mass

Properties of liquid

has mass

fixed shape

fixed
volume

Properties of gas

has mass

fixed volume

no permanent shape

can't fixed
shape

Can't fixed
volume

can compressed

solid - liquid

melting

Boiling

1.2
CHANGING
STATES OF
WATER

liquid - gas

Affected by windy and hot

weather

evaporation

gas - liquid

condensation

liquid - gas

Freezing

1.3
Understanding the water cycle.

condensation
evaporation

Importance of water.

Formation of clouds
and rain.

sea

Circulation of water in
the environment.
Changes in the states of
matter in the water cycle
Gas liquid (Condensation)

Liquid to gas (evaporation)

Droplets of water will

become bigger and
heavier rain

To prevent living aquatic from being

destroyed and undergoing extinction

Reasons to keep our

water resources clean.

To regulate
the formation of
clouds and rain

To avoid infected
diseases

To ensure the cleanliness

of water supply

1.4
Appreciating the importance
of water resources.

Ways to keep our water

resources clean
Keep the rivers clean

Cleanliness campaign

2.1 The properties of acid,

alkaline and neutral substances.

Identify acidic, alkaline

and neutral substances
using litmus paper.
Changes in colour
of litmus papers
blue to red

Identify the taste of acidic

and alkaline food.

Conclude the properties of

acidic, alkaline and neutral
substances.

red to blue

acid

alkaline
no change
neutral

bitter

sour

Properties of acid
Properties of alkali

Taste bitter & change

red litmus paper blue

Properties of
neutral substances

Taste sour & change

blue litmus paper red

Other tastes
no changes in litmus paper

INVESTIGATING
THE EARTH
AND
THE UNIVERSE

planting

harvesting

Constellation

desert

Importance of
constellation

Indicates
Seasons

sea

Show
directions

What constellation is

1.1 Understanding
the constellation
A group of stars that form a
June - August

certain pattern in the sky

Southern Cross

Scorpion

Scorpion

Identify
constellation

south

Orion
South

April June

Big dipper
Hunter

North

Kite or Cross
Water dipper

North

December - January

THE EARTH , THE MOON

AND THE SUN

2.1
The movements
of the Earth, the Moon
and the Sun
The earth
rotates on its axis
from west to east

Earth rotates
on it axis

Earth rotates
and at the
same time
moves around
the sun

Moon rotates
on it axis
Moon rotates
and at the
same time
moves around
the Earth

The Moon and

The changes
the Earth move
in length and position
round the Sun at
of the shadow
the same time
throughout the day

night-time

daytime
the Earth

the Sun

It is night time for

the part of the Earth facing
away from the Sun.

It is day time for the part

of the Earth facing the Sun.

2.2
The occurrence of day and night
axis
Day and night occur
due to the rotation of the Earth
on its axis.

west

east

2.3 Phases Of The Moon

Describe the phases
of the moon
The Moon Does Not Emit Light

The Moon appear bright

when it reflect sunlight

1-New moon, 3- New half moon, 5- Full moon

7- Old half moon

INVESTIGATING
TECHNOLOGY

1.1
The shapes of objects in a structure
The shape of objects

Identify shape in structure

Cylinder
Sphere

Cube

Sphere

Cuboid

Cylinder

Pyramid

Cone

Strength
and
Stability

Shapes of objects that are

stable
Cube, cone, cylinder

The factors that affect

stability of objects

1.2
The strength
and
stability
of a structure

Height , base area

How base area affects

stability
Bigger base area more stable
Smaller base area less stable

How height affects stability

Design a model that
is strong and stable
Suggested design strong and stable
Bridge one with manila card
one with wood

Lower object more stable

Higher object less stable

The factors that affect the

strength of a structure
Types of materials used
Steel ,Iron, Wood

MIND MAP YEAR 6

12/25/2014

INVESTIGATING
LIVING THINGS

1.1
Animals
Some
live in groups
(Animals that live together)

zebra

bees

ants

For safety
For Food

giraffes

Some
live in solitary
(Animals that live by themselves)

snake

cat

lizard

tiger

To avoid competition for food

To avoid competition for space

Cooperation is a
form of interaction

Sunlight

Limited sunlight can reach them

Water

Limited water resources

Reason

Space

Limited space

Nutrient

Limited nutrient

Factors for compete

Plants

1.2
Understanding that competition is a form of
Interaction among living things

Animals
Factors for compete

Food

Limited food resources

Water

Limited water resources

Mate

Reason

Trying to get mate to breed

Shelter

Defending or looking for shelter

Space

Defending or looking for space

Dodo bird
Dinosaur
Auk bird
Desert rat kangaroo
Mammoth
Quagga
Tasmanian wolf

Extinct animal
Factors
of Extinction

Illegal Hunting
Elephant Tusk
Tiger Skin & Bone
Blue Whale Fat
Giant Panda Fur
Rhinoceros - Horn

Tiger
Turtle
Orang Utan
Panda
Rhinoceros
Hornbill
Blue Whale

Raflessia
Pitcher plant
Venus fly trap
Wild orchid

Endangered plant

Endangered animal
1.3
Understanding the
responsibility of human beings
in protecting endangered species

Excessive development
Water & air Pollution
Many habitat has
destroyed

Illegal Logging
Human cut trees
Forest clearing
The destruction of habitat

Extreme Weather
Long dry season
Flood
Forest fire

ways to prevent
extinction
Campaign against
excessive Logging
Educate the public about
the importance of protecting
& conserving animals & plant
Avoid consuming or buying
products made from
endangered species
Enforcing the law
Replanting
Selective logging
Setting up forest reserved
Setting rehabilitation centre
Encourage recycle , reuse
& reduce Campaign

Erosion
Landslide
Flash-Floods
Water & Air pollution

Environmental destruction
caused by human activities
Air &
water Pollution
Excessive use of
fertilisers,
pesticides
& herbicides
Heavy usage of
motor vehicles

Impact of uncontrolled
human activities to the Earth

1.4
Knowing the impact of human
activities on environment.
Impact of human activities to
environmental destruction

Air pollution

Illegal & Excessive

Logging
Clearing Forest
Improper management
of development

The Lost of habitat

The lose of raw material &food supplies
Climate changes
The rise in temperature on earth
Extinction of endangered species
The balance in nature is disturbed
The loss of the Earths natural water basin

Illegal & Excessive hunting

Erosion
Landslide
Flash-Floods
Loss of
habitats

Improper management of
waste from factory
Improper management of
waste from household

Extinction of
endangered
species
Air &
water Pollution
Water Pollution
Flash flood

INVESTIGATING
FORCE
AND ENERGY

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

D
E
F
I
N
I
T
I
O
N

Stop a moving object

Pull an action of bringing an object

towards us

Move a stationary object

Effects
Push an action of moving an object
away

Change the shape of an object

Change the motion an object

Change direction of moving object

Make object move faster or slower

FORCE
Friction
Definition

Effects

-Force that apposes

the movement of an
object.

-Surfaces warm.

-Two surfaces occurs

rub against each
other

-Wear and tear.

-Difficult to move

-Slow down and

stop

Reduce
-Lubricant :oil, wax,
grease or water
-Air cushion
-Talcum powder
-Roller marbles

-Ball bearing

Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages
1. Hold thing
2. Walk without slipping
3. Sharpen a knife
4. Slow down moving
Disadvantages
1. Worn out the shoes / tyre
2. Produce heat

A measurement on how fast an object moves

Conclusion
an object
which moves
faster travels
a longer
distance in a
given time

an object
which move
faster takes a
shorter time
travel a given
distance

Definition

Movement
Speed

Calculation
Formula
Speed = distance / time

Unit
km/h,
m/s ,
cm/s

INVESTIGATING
MATERIALS

Food that has turned bad and

is not suitable to be eaten
Condition for
microbes to grow

What is
spoilt food

Characteristics of
Spoilt Food
Unpleasent smell
eg. Fish with bad smell
Unpleasent taste
eg. milk turns sour
Changed colour
eg.vegetables, rice
Changed texture
eg. Yogurt turns curd
Mouldy
eg. Yogurt have many
black spots

1.1 Food Spoilage

Microbes that
spoilt food

Bacteria

Fungus

Air
Water
Nutrient
Suitable
Temperature
( 5C - 65 C )
Suitable acidity

Example :

Example :

Example :

fish, prawn, fruits

Eggs, water

Reason :
Bacteria and fungi cannot
grow without water

Reason :
Boiled will killed bacteria
and fungi

Reason :
Cold temperature slow
down the growth of
bacteria and fungi

Boiling

Cooling

Drying

eggs, vegetables, fruits

Biscuits, crackers,

Waxing
Reason :
Slow down the
loss of water

Example :
Reason :
Bacteria and fungi
cannot grow
without water

Vacuum
packing
Pickling

1.2 Food Preservation

Reason :
Prevents the growth
of bacteria and
fungi

(Process whereby food turning

bad is slowed down)

Example :
Fruits

Example :
Fruits, chili, fish

Smoking

Salting

Pasteurising

Bottling/
canning

Reason :
Dry the food

Reason :
Bacteria and fungi
cannot grow in very
salt substances

Reason :
Destroy
microoganism

Reason :
Bacteria and fungi
cannot grow
without air

Reason :
Bacteria and fungi
cannot active at a
very low temperature

Example :
Fish, meat

Example :
Fish, eggs

Example :
Meat, fish, fruits

Example :
Fish, meat

Example :
Milk, yogurt

Freezing

1.3 The Importance of

Preserving Food
Easier to
carry

Food can be kept

for a longer time

Easier to
store

To prevent the
wastage of food

Types of waste
Gas
Liquid
Solid

2.1 The Effects of

Improper Waste Disposal
On The Environment

The improper
ways disposal

Sources of wastes
From agricultural
activities
From vehicles and
open burning
Toxic materials
Rubbish

Open burning
Littering
Chanelling- waste
factories into river
Releasing smoke
and dangerous gasses
The proper
disposal ways
Treat waste water
Keep environment
and home clean
Reuse and recycle
rubbish and waste
Reduce car
Build factories far
from home

The Harmful
Effect

Smoke dissolved
form weak acid
Kills plants & fish
Destroys building &
bridges
Rubbish thrown in
rivers or drain
Cause flash-floods
& water over flow
Kill plants & animals
in the river
Open burning
Cause asthma &
eye irritation
Air pollution
Disease
Cause by eating
polluted fish and plants

2.2 Some Waste

Can Decay

Microbes that cause

waste to decay
Fungi
Bacteria

Waste that do not decay

Waste that decay

Paper
Wood
Food
Meat
Disadvantages of
waste decaying
Give out
poisonous gas
Unpleasant
smell

Advantages of
waste decaying
Return nutrient
to soil
Prevent rubbish
from accumulate

Tin can
Plastic
Synthetic
Glass
Metal objects

What will happen if

waste do not decay
Animal extinction
Habitats destruction
Spoil natural beauty
Change Climate

INVESTIGATING THE EARTH

& THE UNIVERSE

ECLIPSE OF THE MOON

The Earth is
between the Sun
and the Moon

The Earth, the Moon

and the Sun are
positioned in a
straight line

Earth

Sun

Moon

The Earths position

blocks sunlight from
reaching the Moon.

The Earths shadow

is formed on the
Moon surface and
cause an eclipse of
the Moon

ECLIPSE OF THE SUN

The Moon is
between the Sun
and the Earth

The Earth, the Moon and

the Sun are positioned in
a straight line

The Moons blocks

the sunlight from
reaching the Earth

Earth

SUN

Moon

The Moons shadow

is formed on the
Earths surface

PHASES OF THE SUN DURING THE ECLIPSE

The place that experienced full eclipse is completely dark during the day time

INVESTIGATING
TECHNOLOGY

A device that allows us to use

less force to make work easier
or faster

1.1. Simple machine

-To carry or move heavy objects

LEVER
INCLINED PLANE

- e.g. hammer , spoon , scissor

-To lift heavy objects easier
e.g. stairs , slanting wooden plank
-To carry to move heavy objects easily

WHEEL AND AXLE

PULLEY
WEDGE

e.g screw driver , car spanner

-To carry or lift objects to a higher place
-e.g

flag pole , crane

-To cut or separate objects

-E.g knife , saw , axe

SCREW

-To fix two objects together

-E.g drill bit , spanner
-To move objects easily

GEAR

-Gear in a watch

1.2 Analysing a
complex
machine
Made up of more
than one simple
machine.
Wheelbarrow
Lever, wheel and axle

Bicycle
Gear, lever,
wheel and axle

Crane
Gear, pulley, lever

Scissors
Lever, wedge

Hand Drill
Wedge, wheel and axle

Egg Beater
Gear, wheel and axle

1.3 Appreciating the invention of machines that

make life easier.

Life with machine

Life without machine

Help us travel from one place to

another.

Difficulty moving heavy things.

Work in the fields is made easier and

productivity of agricultural product is
raised.

Will not be able to travel from

one place to another faraway
place.

Construction work is made easier and

can be completed faster.
Help to move heavy things.