WATER???

INTRODUCTION

WATER IS A ODERLESS,TRANSPARENT,COLORLESS LIQUID.

IT IS MOST FAMILIAR AND ABUNDANT LIQUID ON EARTH.

MOST ESSENTIAL FOR PLANT AND ANIMALS LIFE

While 67% of Earths surface is covered by water, only less than 2.7%
of global water is freshwater. Most of the freshwater (2.05%) are
locked in ice caps and glaciers. Only less than 0.7% is available for
human use

Over two thirds of the earth's surface is covered with water, 97.2% of
which is contained in the five oceans. The Antarctic ice sheet,
containing 90% of all fresh water on the planet, is visible at the
bottom. Atmospheric water vapour can be seen as clouds,
contributing to the earth's albedo.

WATERS, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL IMPORTANCE

Water keeps us alive, moderates climate, sculpts

the land, removes and dilutes wastes and
pollutants, and moves continually through the
hydrologic cycle.
Only about 0.02% of the earths water supply is
available to us as liquid freshwater.
Comparison of population sizes and shares of the
worlds freshwater among the continents.

NATURAL RESOURCES OF WATER

The natural resources of

water

Rivers

Lakes

Oceans

Underground aquifers

LAKES
There are many kind of lakes such as an
oxbow lake formed of the meander
Artificial lake: A lake created by flooding
land behind a dam, called an
impoundment or reservoir
Lava lake: A pool of molten lava contained
in a volcanic crater or other depression.
Lava lakes that have partly or completely
solidified are also referred to as lava lakes.

RIVERS
A river is a natural watercourse, usually
freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake,
a sea, or another river. In a few cases, a river
simply flows into the ground or dries up
completely before reaching another body of
water.
Small rivers may also be called by several
other names, including stream, creek, brook,
rivulet, tributary and rill; there is no general
rule that defines what can be called a river,
although in some countries or communities a
stream may be defined by its size.
Rivers have been used as a source of water,
for obtaining food, for transport, as a
defensive measure, for bathing, and as a
means of disposing waste
1) Nile 4,132
2) Amazon 3,976
3) Yangtze 3,917
4) Mississippi 3,902
5) Yenisei 3,445
6) Yellow 3,398
7) Ob 3,364
8) Paran 3,030
9) Congo 2,922
10) Amur 2,763

Underground Aquifer

An aquifer in an underground layer of water

bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated
materials(gravel,sand or silt) from which ground
water can be extracted from a water well.

Estimate of the world water balance.

Volume of water stored in the water cycle's reservoirs

SOURCES
NATURAL SOURCES
Rain, snow, hail and sleet are precipitated upon the
surface of the earth as meteorological
water and may be considered as the original source
of all the water supplied. Water, as source
of drinking water, occurs as surface water and
ground water. Three aspects should be
considered in appraising water resources e.g., the
quantity, the quality, and the reliability of available
water.
GROUND WATER
Part of the precipitation that falls infiltrates the soil.
This water replenishes the soil moisture, or is used by
growing plants and returned to the atmosphere by
transpiration.
Water that drains downward (percolates) below the
root zone finally reaches a level at which all the
openings or voids in the earth's materials are filled
with water.
This zone is called the zone of saturation.
The water in the zone of saturation is called the
ground water.

SURFACE WATER

Surface water accumulates mainly as a result of

direct runoff from precipitation (rain or snow).
Precipitation that does not enter the ground through
infiltration or is not returned to the atmosphere by
evaporation, flows over the ground surface and is
classified as direct runoff.
Direct runoff is water that drains from saturated or
impermeable surfaces, into stream channels, and
then into natural or artificial storage sites (or into the
ocean in coastal areas).
The amount of available surface water depends
largely upon rainfall.

Traditional Water Treatment Methods:

All over the world , rural communities have adopted simple and
rudimentary treatment techniques that mainly aim at filtering out the visible
impurities from the water collected from local sources.
Filtration through winnowing sieve(used widely in mali).
Filtration through cloth(commonly used in villages in
india,mali and the southern part of niger).
Filtration through clay vessels(used in egypt).
Clarification and filtration through plant material
(commonly used in tamil nadu and kerala , india).
Jempeng stone filter method (used in bali , Indonesia ).

TYPES OF TANKS

Water Supply Capacity

Gravity system is preferable (more reliable)

Pumping systems should be designed for reliability (electrical supply should

be provided by 2 separate lines from different directions)

Systems should be made redundant by interconnecting pipes into loops.

Valves should be placed to allow repairs with minimal disruption to

surrounding

Fire hydrants should be installed at locations convenient for the fire

department

Use consumption curves to determine storage needed

Water Requirements
Yearly average consumption is 110 gallons per
person per day.
Consumption is highly variable
Design of water systems must account for variation in
municipal water consumption and water needed for
fighting fires
Water Distribution Systems

TYPES OF FITTINGS
Elbows
Excellent finish level to allow smooth flow transaction
Every pieces of elbows have radius junction to
eliminate entrapment areas and to allow smooth flow
transition for all elbows including pipe fittings
Male pipe to male pipe nipple Female pipe to male pipe nipple Female pipe to female pipe

Piping Network

Networks consist of storage reservoirs, main, booster pumping stations,

fire hydrants and service lines

Provide redundancy via grids and loops

Different pipes have different sizes and thicknesses

Must use correct pipe to handle trench depth, bedding type, and live
loads

Must place pipe below the frost line to prevent freezing/breakage

PIPES
Ductile iron
Plastic (HDPE/PVC)
Concrete
Steel
Residential

TYPES OF PIPES

Joints

Compression

Mechanical

Flanged

Solvent

Soldered

THANK YOU
By
K.Pradeep
Y13AP0138
B.Arch 2nd year 1st semester
a,.n.u.c.a.p
References:- Wikipedia,library,google search