FLUID DYNAMICS

Classification of Flows
1.

Laminar and Turbulent

2.

Steady and Unsteady

3.

Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

4.

1-D, 2-D and 3-D Flows

5.

Inviscid and Viscous

6.

Incompressible and Compressible

There are some other Classifications of the

flows too that we shall define whenever we
encounter them

Classification of Flows, contd.

Steady

- unsteady

In steady flow, All Flow Variables at a

Fixed Point Remain Constant with Time
Uniform

non-uniform

Can turbulent flow

be steady? _______
If
________________
averaged over a
________________
suitable time

In uniform flow, Velocity Remains Constant

at every point in fluid at a given instant

Classification of Flows, contd.

1-D, 2-D and 3-D Flows

Represent the Number of Space coordinates on which the

relevant physical quantities depend

Inviscid and Viscous Flows

Inviscid Flow Assumes a Zero Viscosity while viscous

flow takes into account the effect of Fluid Viscosity

Incompressible and Compressible

Incompressible fluid flow assumes a constant density

Strictly Speaking None of the Above Flows Exists Truly

Descriptions of Fluid Motion

streamline

Defined instantaneously

has the direction of the velocity vector at each point

no flow across the streamline
steady flow streamlines are fixed in space
unsteady flow streamlines move
dy/dx = v/u

pathline

Defined as particle moves (over time)

path of a particle
same as streamline for steady flow

streakline

Defined as traces of all the particles (at any list)

tracer injected continuously into a flow

same as pathline and streamline for steady flow

Basic Physical Laws Used in Fluid

Mechanics
Conservation

(continuity)

Conservation

of Momentum

(Newtons 2nd law)

Conservation

of Mass

of Energy

(1st law of thermodynamics)

Problem Solving Methodologies

Control

Volume: Both Mass and Energy

may Enter of Leave It
Open System
Control Mass: Mass is Conserved
Closed System
integral

(large-scale) analysis
differential (small-scale) analysis - CFD
experimental (dimensional) analysis

The Dilemma
The

laws of physics in their simplest forms

describe systems

It

Conservation of Mass, Momentum, Energy

is impossible to keep track of the system

in many fluids problems
The laws of physics must still hold in Fluid
world!
We need some tools to bridge the gap

Volume and Mass Flow Rate of Flow

d V V dt dA cos V n dA dt

Volume & Mass Rate of Flow, contd.

Volume Flow Rate:

dV
Q
V n dA V dA
dt
n

Mass Flow Rate:

m V n dA V dA
S

for = constant:

m Q

Conservation of Mass
Mass Cannot be Destroyed or Created
mass t dt mass t 1V1 A1dt 2V2 A2 dt

masst dt

so

m
masst
dt
t

(vol)
1V1 A1 2V2 A2
t

For Steady Flow

1V1 A1 2V2 A2 m

For Steady Incompressible Flow

V1 A1 V2 A2 Q

Conservation of Energy 1st law of thermodynamics

when heat or work are transferred to a
control mass this will result in change of
energy stored in it

Q W E CM
dt
Flow is Steady

Conservation of Energy
WORK

W W flow Wshaft Wviscous

W W f Ws W
Flow Work

W f p1 A1ds1 p2 A2 ds2
Shaft Work
mass energy
Ws

time
time
mass

ds1

1 A1
H s dt 1 A1ds1 H s
dt

HEAT

Conservation of Energy

Heat transferred from external source to fluid

system in time dt

ds1

Heat 1 A1
QH dt 1 A1ds1QH
dt

Conservation of Energy
E2 E1 Eout Ein
Change in energy of fluid system in dt is

E E2 E1 Eout Ein
Energy entering the fluid system in dt is

1 A1ds1 ( gz1 V1 / 2 u1 )
2

Energy leaving the fluid system in dt is

2 A2 ds2 ( gz2 V2 / 2 u2 )
2

E Eout Ein 2 A2 ds2 ( gz2 V2 / 2 u2 )

where
2
1 A1ds1 2 A2 ds2 1 A1ds1 ( gz1 V1 / 2 u1 )
2

Conservation of Energy
According to 1st Law of Thermodynamics

work heat energy

2

H s QH
V2
u2
V1
u1

( z2
) ( z1
)
1 2
g
g
2g
g
2g g
p1

p2

p1 V1 2
p2 V2
2
( z1 p1 V1 ) u(1z2 H s QH ) h frictionp2 h pump
V2 huturbine
( z1 2 g ) 2 g ( z 2

2)
1 2g g
g
g
2 2g g

For Incompressible Flow

V1
p2 V2
u2 u1 q
( z1

) hs ( z2

)
2g

2g
g
p1

Conservation of Energy
for multiple one-dimensional inlets and outlets:

Q W s

Vi
miin h
gzi
2
i

in
nin

Vi
miout h
gzi
2
i

out
nout

heat and work

transfer to the CV
plus a net
(in - out)CV
flow rate
of energy

Steady Flow Energy Equation

for steady state flow with one inlet and one outlet
2
2

V1
V2
Q Wshaft Wvis m1 h1 gz1 m2 h2
gz2
2
2

m1 m2

From mass conservation

General Form of Steady flow Energy Equation

V12
V2 2
h1
gz1 h2
gz2 q wshaft wvis
2
2

where

V2
h
gz H = Stagnation Enthalpy
2

V2
V2
u
gz pv h
gz
NOTE e

2
2
p

Steady-flow energy equation can also be written

as
u1 V12
p2 u2 V2 2

z1

z2 hq hshaft hvis
g 2g

g 2g

p1

Pressure head

static head
velocity head

1.
2.

All the terms have the dimensions of [L]

All these terms are called as head
Neglecting Shaft work, viscous work SFE equation can be written as

p1 V12
p2 V2 2
u2 u1 q
z1

z2

2g
g
2g

Total head
available at
inlet = ho,in

Total head
available at
outlet = ho,out

Total head lost from inlet

to outlet = frictional head
loss = hf

Energy Flux Correction Factor

For 1-D Energy flux term we write

1 2
1 2
V

n
dA

V
m

av

2
2

In duct flow the velocity distribution is not

uniform, need to rewrite above equation as
3

where

1 u
dA
A Vav

Energy Flux Correction Factor

continued

For laminar flow

r2
u U o 1 2
R

u U o 1
R

For turbulent flow

2
m

1 m 2 m

4 1 3m 2 3m
3

1
1
m
9
5
3

1/9
1/8
1/7
1/6
1/5
1.037 1.046 1.058 1.077 1.106

Conservation of Energy The Bernoulli Equation

Conservation of energy the Bernoulli equation

observe

flow along a streamline

assumes
assume

frictionless flow

no exchange of heat or shaft

work
assume

assume

steady state

no change in internal energy

(isothermal flow)

Conservation of energy the Bernoulli equation

Vi

i in h
m

gz
i

2
i

in
2

nin

Vi
0
i out h
m

gz
i

2
i

out
no u t

Conservation of energy the Bernoulli equation

V2
V2
u pv
gz u pv
gz
2
2

in
out
p V2

p V2

gz
gz const.
2
2

in
out
example 3.21 3.23 and 3.24

Interpretation of Bernoullis Equation

Conservation of Energy the Bernoulli Equation

Hydraulic Grade and Energy

Grade Lines

Hydraulic Grade and Energy

Grade Lines

Example 1
Gas flows at a steady rate in a pipeline which
increases diameter from 150 mm to 200 mm. The
upstream gas density = 1.75 kg/m3 and its
velocity = 18 m/s, decreasing to 12 m/s
downstream. Calculate the gas density in the 200
mm pipe section.
Solution
A1 = x 0.152 / 4 = 0.0177 m2, A2 = x 0.22 / 4 =
0.0314 m2
Continuity: 2
= 1 A1 V1 / (A2 V2)
= 1.75 x 0.0177 x 18 / (0.0314 x 12)
= 1.48 kg/m3

Example 2
Benzene (SG = 0.879) flows through a 100 mm
diameter pipe at a mean velocity of 3 m/s.
Find the volume and mass flow rates.
Solution
Q AV
= ( x 0.12 / 4) x 3 = 0.0236 m3/s
= 23.6 L/s = 1416 L/min
m Q = 0.879 x 1000 x 0.0236 = 20.7 kg/s

Example 3
Water flows steadily through a box at 3
sections. The velocity at station (2) is 10
m/s (outwards).
Calculate the average velocity and volume
flow rate at section 3 - is the flow in or out?

Example 3 - Solution
Q2 = A V = ( x 0.052 / 4) x 10

= 0.0196 m3/s = 19.6 L/s

From continuity, Q3

must be flowing outwards

= 30 19.6 = 10.4 L/s

V3

= Q3 / A3

= 10.4 x 10-3 / ( x 0.0252 / 4)

= 21.2 m/s

Example 4
Air (R = 287 J/kgK) at 25oC and 1 bar
enters a chamber at section 1 (diameter =
150 mm) at a velocity of 60 m/s and leaves
section 2 (diameter = 50 mm) at 500oC and
10.8 bar.
Assuming steady flow, what is the exit
velocity?

Example 4 - Solution

Continuity equation: 1 A1 V1 = 2 A2 V2

Perfect gas equation: = p / (R T)

= 1.286 kg/m3

= 1.1 x 105 / [287 x (273.15 + 25)]

= 10.8 x 105 / [287 x (273.15 + 500)]

= 4.867 kg/m3

1.286 x ( x 0.152 / 4) x 60 = 4.867 x ( x 0.052 / 4) x V2

V2 = 1.286 x 0.152 x 60 / (4.867 x 0.052) = 142.7 m/s

Example 5
The pipe flow in Fig. fills a cylindrical tank as shown.
At time t = 0, the water depth in the tank is 30 cm.
Estimate the time required to fill the remainder of the
tank.
Q3=Q1-Q2
Q3=0.00678 m3/s
Empty volume= 0.301 m3
Time = volume/Q3= 45 s

Example 6

Incompressible steady flow in the inlet between

parallel plates in Fig. is uniform, u = Uo = 8 cm/s,
while downstream the flow develops into the
parabolic laminar profile u = az(zo z), where a is
a constant. If zo = 4 cm and the fluid is SAE 30 oil
at 20C, what is the value of umax in cm/s?
Q1=Q2
Q1=32b m3/s

z0

Q2 udA ba z ( z0 z )dz
A

a=3
umax=12 m/s

Example 7
In some wind tunnels the test section is perforated to
suck out fluid and provide a thin viscous boundary layer.
The test section wall in Fig. P3.33 contains 1200 holes of
5-mm diameter each per square meter of wall area. The
suction velocity through each hole is Vr = 8 m/s, and the
test-section entrance velocity is V1 = 35 m/s. Assuming
incompressible steady flow of air at 20C, compute (a)
Vo, (b) V2
Wall Area= 10.053 m2
No of holes = 12064
Qsuction = 1.895m3/s
V0 = 3.58 m/s
Q2=Q1-Qsuction
V2=31.2 m/s

Example 8
Glycerin (SG = 1.26) flows in a processing
plant pipe at a rate of 700 L/s. At a point
where the pipe diameter is 60 cm, the
pressure is 300 kN/m2.
Find the pressure at a second point, 1 m
lower than the first point, with a pipe
diameter of 30 cm. Assume frictionless flow.

Example 1 - Solution
Using = A V (Continuity)
0.7 = ( x 0.62 / 4) V1, V1 = 2.476 m/s
Using Continuity: V2 = V1 (A1 / A2)

Using Bernoulli:

V2 = 9.9 m/s

p1 + gz1 + V1 = p2 + gz2 + V2

p2/(g) = 300x103/(1260 x 9.81) +

(2.4762 9.92)/(2 x 9.81) + 1
p2
= 254.5 kN/m2

Example 9
Calculate the water discharge rate and
gauge pressure at point B for the uniform
100 mm diameter siphon shown.
Re-calculate for a diameter of 200 mm.

Example 2 - Solution

At surface (S) and nozzle exit (N), p = atmospheric

pressure (patm) and also Vs = 0 at surface.

Using Bernoulli from S to A:

patm = pA + VA2

pA = patm - VA2 _____(eq. 1)

Using Bernoulli from A to B (VA = VB):

pA = pB + 1.2 g

Example 2 Solution (Cont.)

Substituting into (1):

patm - VA2 = pB + (1.2 g)

pB = patm - VA2 (1.2 g) __ (eq. 2)

Using Bernoulli from B to N (VN = VB):

pB = patm (6.2 g) ________ (eq. 3)
patm - VA2 (1.2 g) = patm (6.2 g)
VA = (10 g) = 9.9 m/s

Example 2 Solution (Cont.)

Q = VA A

= 9.9 x x (0.1)2 / 4
= 0.078 m3/s = 78 L/s

From eq (3), pB = patm (6.2 g)

= - 60822 N/m2 (gauge)

Conservation of Momentum
Newtons 2nd Law
External Forces Acting on a Control Mass
will Accelerate it (Change its Momentum)

d
F mV
dt

CM

Conservation of Momentum, contd

Momentum of system at time t

mV sys,t mV CV ,t

Momentum of system at time t+t

mV sys,t t mV CV ,t t mV out mV in

Conservation of Momentum, contd

Subtracting above equations, we get

mV sys mV CV ,t t mV CV ,t mV out mV in
Dividing above equation by t and taking limit

mV d mV

F lim
t 0
t
dt
mV CV ,t t mV CV ,t mV out mV in

dt
t
For steady state

d mV mV out mV in
F dt
t

Conservation of momentum, contd

IMPORTANT POINTS

V is the fluid velocity relative to an inertial (nonaccelerating) coordinate system

SF is a vector sum of all the forces (surface &
volumetric) acting on the control volume
the momentum conservation equation is a vector
relation and has three components

Momentum Flux Correction Factor

For 1-D momentum flux term we write

V n dA m V AV

In duct flow the velocity distribution is not

uniform, need to rewrite above equation as

u dA mVav AVav
2

where

1 u
dA
A Vav

Momentum Flux Correction Factor contd.

For laminar flow

For turbulent flow

r2
u U o 1 2
R
r

u U o 1
R

3
1
1
m
9
5

1 m 2 m

2 1 2m 2 2m
2

1/9
1/8
1/7
1/6
1/5
1.013 1.016 1.020 1.027 1.037

Angular Momentum
Angular momentum is defined as

L r (mV)

Torque is given by time rate of

change of Angular momentum

or

d (mV )
r
sin n
dt
From above equation, it can be
seen that component of velocity in
direction normal to r is important

Angular Momentum, contd

Performing a control volume analysis similar to
linear momentum principle, it can be shown that

m (r V cos
2 2

r1V1 cos1 )

Torque due to pressure and other

forces needs to be included

T A2 p2 r2 cos 2 A1 p1r1 cos1

m (r2V2 cos 2 r1V1 cos1 )

Multiple 1-D Inlets & Outlets

Example 1
For the 100-mm-diameter
suction pipe leading to a pump
shown in Fig, the pressure at
point A in the suction pipe is a
vacuum of 180 mm of mercury.
If the discharge is 0.0300 m3/s
of oil (sp gr = 0.85), find the total
energy head at point A with
respect to a datum at the pump.
energy at A = pA/ + V2/2g + zA

VA = Q/A = 0.0300/ [()(0.100)2/4]

= 3.820 m/s
pA = h = [(13.6)(9.79)](-0.180) = -23.97 kPa
energy at A = -3.337 m

Example 2
For the Venturi meter shown in Fig., the deflection of mercury in the differential gage is
14.3 in. Determine the flow of water through the meter if no energy is lost between A and
B.

From continuity Eq:

pA+ w((14.3+z)/12)- M(14.3/12)- w((z+30)/12)=pB

V6=32.1 ft/sec
Q=6.30 cfs

Example
3
A pipe carrying oil of sp gr 0.877 changes in size from 150 mm at section to 450
mm at section R. Section is 3.66 m lower than R, and the pressures are 91.0 kPa
and 60.3 kPa, respectively. If the discharge is 0.146 m3/s, determine the lost head
and the direction of flow.

Flow is from point E to R and Head lost is 3.4 m

Example 4
A horizontal air duct reduces in cross-sectional area from 0.070 m2 to 0.020 m2.
Assuming no losses, what pressure change will occur when 6.67 N/s of air flows?
(Use = 31.4 N/m3 for pressure and temperature conditions involved.)

p1-p2 = 165 Pa

Example
5
A 6" pipe 600 ft long carries water from A at elevation 80.0 ft to at elevation 120.0
ft. The factional stress between the liquid and the pipe walls is 0.62 lb/ft2. Determine
the pressure change in the pipe and the lost head.

Where
and

Example 6
Water at 90F is to be lifted from a sump at a velocity of 6.50 ft/sec through the suction
pipe of a pump. Calculate the theoretical maximum height of the pump setting under
the following conditions: atmospheric pressure = 14.25 psia, vapor pressure = 0.70
psia and lost head in the suction pipe = 3 velocity heads.

z= 28.8 ft

Example 7
A 150-mm-diameter jet of water is discharged from a nozzle into the air. The
velocity of the jet is 36.0 m/s. Find the power in the jet.

Example
8
A jet of water 3" in diameter and moving to the right impinges on a flat plate held
normal to its axis, For a velocity of 80.0 ft/sec, what force will keep the plate in
equilibrium?

F QV

V1

Fx Q V1

Example 9
The fixed surface shown in Fig. divides the jet so that 1.00 cfs goes in each direction.
For an initial velocity of 48.0 ft/sec, find the values of the X and components to keep
the surface in equilibrium (assuming no friction).

QV2 x V3x V1x

62.4
Fx
1 0 48 cos60 2 48 cos 45
32.2

QV2 y V3 y V1y

62.4
Fy
1 48 48 sin 60 2 48 sin 45
32.2