Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PERFORMANCE
Kamal Uddin Ahmed Ph.D.
NSU EMBA HRM # 603
Theories
Theories are speculative road maps for
how things work.
Most of us develop our own theories to
explain how the world around us works.
Theories assemble a number of facts,
show the relationship among those facts,
and develop a logical rationale a for what
is likely to be true, given those facts.
Theory
From theory, predictions or hypotheses
can be generated and tested. If the tests
show, the predictions are correct, the
theory is supported. If the new facts are
inconsistent with the predictions, the
theory is revised or discarded.
The process of developing, testing and
reformulating theory is the basis of
science.
It is how new knowledge is created
theory
Performance model
Performance Model
Performance (P)
Motivation (M)
Knowledge, skills
and attitude (KSA)
Environment (E)
P = M X KSA X E
NEEDS THEORY
From earlier work by Maslow, Clayton
Alderfrer developed a NEEDS THEORY
of motivation called ERG theory.
ERG theory is an acronym
representing the three basic needs of
the theory:
Existence
Relatedness; and
Growth
Needs theory
Existence: existence needs correspond to
Maslows lower order physiological and
security needs. Ex: needs for foods,
shelter etc.
Relatedness: Relatedness needs reflect
peoples need to be valued and
respected by others.
Growth: Growth needs include feelings of
self-worth and competency achieving
ones
potential.
EX:
recognition,
accomplishment,
challenging
opportunity etc.
Process Theories
Process theories of motivation describes how a persons
needs translate into action.
Types of process theories
Reinforcement theory: This theory is relatively simple on
the surface but can be difficult to apply. The foundation of
this theory is comes from the work of E.L. Thorndike.
LAW OF EFFECTS: Thorndikes law of effects states that
behavior followed by satisfying experiences tends to be
repeated, and behavior followed by dissatisfaction tends to
be avoided.
Process theories
Skinner identified four types of consequences that can
result from behavior:
1. Positive reinforcement
2.Negative reinforcement
3.Punishment
4.Extinction
positive reinforcement occurs when your behavior
results in something desirable happening to you.
Negative reinforcement occurs when your behavior
results in removing something you find annoying,
frustrating.
Punishment decreases the likelihood of the response
occurring in future.
Extinction is the latter form of punishment.
UNDERSTANDING LEARNING
What
is learning?
Learning is not directly observable, but it is something that
almost everyone says they experience. People can feel that
they learned.
It is clear from physiological evidence that learning is related to
changes in the physical, neuronal structure of the brain and its
related electrochemical functioning.
According
Cognitive Approach
Behaviorist
Approach
Learners Role
Passive, dependent
Instructors Role
Facilitator,
Coordinator, and
presenter
Director, Monitor,
Evaluator
Training Content
Problem or task
oriented
Subject oriented
Learner
Motivation
More internally
motivated
More externally
motivated
Training
Climate
Relaxed, mutually
trustful, and
respectful
Formal, authority
oriented, judgmental,
competitive
Instructional
goals
Collaboratively
developed
Developed by
instructor
Instructional
activities
Interactive, group,
project oriented,
experimental
Directive, individual,
subject oriented
Accommodation is the
process of changing our construction of the
world to correspond with our experience in it.
Assimilation:
Motivation to learn:
Fear
Group Dynamics:
Training