STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Engr. Antonio Valente Macarilay

Strength of Materials
deals with the nature and effects of

stresses in the parts of engineering

structures
Its principal object is to determine the
proper size and form of pieces which have
to bear given loads, or, conversely, to
determine the loads which can be safely
applied to pieces whose dimensions and
arrangement are already given.

Stress
The ratio of the applied load to the

cross-sectional area of an element

experiencing the force.

TYPES OF SIMPLE STRESS

1. Normal / Axial Stress
With normal stress, , the area is normal
to the force carried.
P

=P/A
P = Tensile / Compressive Load
A = Cross Sectional Area
P

2. SHEARING STRESS
a. Single Shear

P
P

AS

d
Sheared area

2
= P/A
A = Total Sheared Area

Double Shear

P
P

Sheared area

A = 2 D2 / 4

= P/A
A = Total Sheared Area

Punching Shear

Sheared Area

As = D t

p = P / As

II. THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS

a. Tangential Stress
P
L

t
P

Di

St = D/2t
= pressure in N/mm2
D = inside diameter
t = thickness in mm

BARLOW FORMULA

b. Longitudinal Stress

SL = D/4t
= pressure in N/mm2
D = inside diameter
t = thickness in mm

Thermal Stress
Linear Expansion

L = L L (T)
Volumetric Expansion

V = V V (T)

Stress due to Thermal Expansion

Strain
A measure of the deformation of the

material that is dimensionless.

The change of shape produced by

stress

= L / L
Where: = strain
L = change in length
L = original length

Hookes Law
Stress is directly proportional to Strain

= E ; E = /
named after the physicist Robert Hooke, 1676

= Stress
= Strain
E = Modulus of Elasticity
(Youngs Modulus) (GPa)

Poissons Ratio
the ratio of transverse contraction strain to

longitudinal extension strain in the direction of

stretching force
Tensile deformation is considered positive and
compressive deformation is considered negative

= - lateral / longitudinal

Stress Strain Graph

Elastic Limit
the

point at which permanent

deformation occurs, that is, after the
elastic limit, if the force is taken off the
sample, it will not return to its original
size
and
shape,
permanent
deformation has occurred.

Proportional Limit
The

greatest stress at which a

material is capable of sustaining the
applied load without deviating from
the proportionality of stress to strain.

Ultimate Strength (Tensile)

The maximum stress a material

withstands when subjected to an

applied load.
The stress required to produce
rupture.

Yield Strength
Stress at which material exceeds

the elastic limit and will not return to

its origin shape or length if the
stress is removed.

Working Stress
the actual stress of a material under

a given loading

Allowable Stress
The maximum safe stress that a

material can carry

Factor of Safety
The ratio of ultimate strength to

allowable strength

The condition under which the stress is

constant or uniform is known as

A.

Simple stress

B.

Shearing stress

C.

Tangential stress

D.

Normal stress

The highest ordinate on the stress-strain curve

is called

A.

rupture stress

B.

elastic limit

C.

ultimate stress or ultimate strength

D.

proportional limit

Shearing stress is also known as

A.

Simple stress

B.

Shearing stress

C.

Tangential stress

D.

Normal stress

Stress caused by forces perpendicular to the

areas on which they act is called

A.

Simple stress

B.

Shearing stress

C.

Tangential stress

D.

Normal stress

What type of stress is produced whenever the

applied load cause one section of a body to
tend to slide past its adjacent section?
A.

normal stress

B.

sliding stress

C.

shearing stress

D.

bearing stress

The ratio of the unit lateral deformation to the

unit longitude deformation is called

A.

compressibility

B.

bulk modulus

C.

shear modulus

D.

Poissons ratio

It describes the length elasticity of the material.

A.

Bulk modulus

B.

Youngs modulus or tensile modulus

C.

Modulus of Compressibility

D.

Shear modulus

Determine the outside diameter of a hollow

steel tube that will carry a tensile load of 500 kN
at a stress of 140 MPa. Assume the wall
thickness to be one-tenth of the outside
diameter.

A. 132 mm

C. 113 mm

B. 143 mm

D. 133 mm

What force is required to punch a 20mm diameter hole through a 10mm thick plate having ultimate
strength of 450 MPa?
a.) 283 kN
b.) 312 kN

c.) 382 kN
d.) 293 kN

A spherical pressure vessel 400-mm in

diameter has a uniform thickness of 6 mm. The
vessel contains gas under a pressure of 8 MPa.
If the ultimate tensile stress of the material is
420 MPa, what is the factor of safety with
respect to tensile failure?
A. 3.15

C. 3.4

B. 1.90

D. 2.6

A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 150

mm2 is stretched between two fixed points. The
tensile load at 20C is 5000 N. What will be the
stress at -20C? Assume =11.7 m/m C and
E=200x109 N/m2.

A. 112.8 MPa

C. 132.4 MPa

B. 117.9 MPa

D. 126.9 MPa

Elongation ()

= PL / AE
P = Force
L = Original Length
A = Cross Sectional Area
E = Youngs Modulus

Elongation due to Weight ()

2
gL

/ 2E

= unit mass
g = gravity
E = Youngs Modulus

A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of

300mm2 and length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end .It supports a load of 20
kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is
7850 kg/m3 and E=200 GPa, find the total
elongation of the rod.
A. 33.45 mm

C. 53.44 mm

B. 54.33 mm

D. 35.44 mm

The straight-line portion of the stress-strain

diagram
has
slope
equal
to
the
_____________of the material.

A.

modulus of rigidity

B.

compressibility

C.

modulus of elasticity

D.

shear modulus

The stress beyond which the material will not

return to its original shape when unloaded is
called
A.

elastic limit

B.

maximum stress

C.

ultimate stress

D.

allowable stress

Torsion
In solid mechanics, it is the twisting

of an object due to an applied

torque

Torsion
MAX = T*r / J

MAX = maximum shear stress

J = polar moment of inertia
r = outer radius of the shaft

Polar Moment of Inertia

Solid Shaft:
J = D4 / 32
Hollow Shaft:
J = (Do4 Di4) / 32

Angle of Twist

= TL / JG
T = Torque
L = Length
J = Polar Moment of Inertia
G = Shear Modulus

Power Transmitted by Shaft

P = T = T(2f)
or
P = 2 T n
P = power (W)
T = Torque (Nm)
f = frequency (Hz)
n = angular speed (rev/s)

What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel

shaft that will not twist through more than 3 in a
6-m length when subjected to a torque of 14
kN-m? Use G=83 GN/m2.
A. 118 mm
B. 145 mm
C. 122 mm
D. 113 mm

Determine the length of the shortest 2-mm

diameter bronze wire which can be twisted
through two complete turns without exceeding a
shearing stress of 70 MPa. Use G=35 GPa.
A. 6280 mm
B. 3420 mm
C. 1280 mm
D. 1658 mm

Spring
device made of an elastic material

that undergoes a significant change

in shape, or deformation, under an
applied load

Helical Spring
a spiral wound wire with a constant

coil diameter and uniform pitch

Common Forms:
Compression Spring
Tension Spring

Helical Spring
Max Shearing Stress
Approximate:
Exact:

max

max

16PR
d

3
d
4R

16PR 4m 1 0.615

3
d 4m 4
m

R = mean radius of spring (D is mean diameter)

d = diameter of wire
m = D/d

 Spring Deformation
L

= 64PR3n / Gd4

Determine the maximum shearing stress in a

helical steel spring composed of 20 turns of 20mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 80 mm
when the spring is supporting a load of 2kN.
A. 120.6 MPa
B. 117.9 MPa
C. 132.4 MPa
D. 126.9 MPa

CABLES
I. Parabolic

Parabolic Cable
Tension at the Support
T2 = (L/2)2 + H2
Approximate Length of Cable
S = L + 8d2/3L 32d4/5L3
Tension at the Lowest Point
H = L2 / 8d

L = Horizontal Span
d = sag of cable
= weight per unit length

II. Catenary
The theoretical shape of a
hanging flexible chain or
cable when supported at its
ends and acted upon by a
uniform gravitational force
(its own weight) and in
equilibrium. The curve has
a U shape that is similar in
appearance
to
the
parabola, though it is a
different curve.

Catenary Cable
Tension at the support
TL = yL

Re lationship among S, y & c :

S1 y1 c
2
2
2
S2 y 2 c
2

Tension at the support T1 & T2 :

Dis tance Between supports :
S y
x1 c ln 1 1
c

S y2
x 2 c ln 2

T1 H2 S1
T2

S2

Catenary
= weight per unit length
y = height of the support (respective)
c = minimum clearance from the ground
S = cable length (respective)

What tension must be applied at the ends of an

aluminum cable supporting a load of 0.5 kg per
horizontal meter in a span of 100 m if the sag is
to be limited to 1.25 m?
A. 423.42 kg
B. 329.82 kg
C. 500.62 kg
D. 184.29 kg

Calculate the allowable spacing of the two

towers to carry a flexible wire cable weighing
0.03 kg per horizontal meter if the maximum
tension at the lowest point is not to exceed 1150
kg at sag of 0.50 m.

A. 248 m

C. 390 m

B. 408 m

D. 422 m

A cable 600 m long weighing 1500 N per meter

has tension of 750 kN at each end. Compute
the maximum sag of the cable.
A. 200 m

B. 150 m
C. 100 m
D. 220 m

The light cable supports a mass of 12 kg per

meter of horizontal length and is suspended
between the two points on the same level 300
m apart. If the sag is 60 m, find the total length
of the cable.

A. 329 m

C. 139 m

B. 239 m

D. 429 m

TO GOD BE THE GLORY!

End of session.