TYPES OF POLITICAL

SYSTEM
Democracy
Monarchy
Autocracy
Totalitarian
Communism

The free election of Augustus II at Wola, outside Warsaw, PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, in 1697. Painted by Bernardo Bellotto

DEMOCRACY

Abraham Lincoln:
government of the people for the people.

DEMOCRACY
PEOPLE

DEMOS

GOVERNMENT

KRATOS

DEMOCRACY
Ancient Greek definition of democracy

Four Faces of Democracy

Face I
Popular sovereignty

People have the right to govern

they exercise control of governmental authority

by the people themselves directly
the peoples elected representatives indirectly

Face II
Rights and liberties

Basic rights and freedoms that must be

guaranteed by law to the citizen.

Face III
Democratic value

Tolerance, fairness and compromise.

Face IV
Economic democracy

It establishes various criteria of fairness or

equality as social and economic
components of democracy.

Basic Principles of democracy

1.

2.
3.

The rule of law

Inclusion
Equality

(Sodaro J. M., 2004)

1. The rule of law

The rule of law is the principle that the power of
the state must be limited by law and that no one
is above the law.
This principle is the fundamental bedrock for
democratic government.
It requires the state to spell out the limitations to
its authority in official documents, such as written
constitution, legislation, court rulings or publicly
acknowledged understandings the law is.
Without the rule of law, power can be wielded
indiscriminately by governing officials, unchecked
by any limits.

Rule of law
Vs
Rule by law

2. Inclusion

Inclusions means that democratic rights and

freedoms must be for everyone.

All main social groups that comprise the

population (ethnic groups, religious groups,
social classes) should have reason to feel
that they are better off under a democracy
than under a non-democratic government.

3. Equality
Equality means that democratic rights and
freedoms must be accorded to everyone on
an equal basis.
No group in society should have fewer
democratic privileges than other groups.
The rights and freedoms in the principle of
inclusiveness must be distributed equally.
Everyone should be equal in the voting
rights and socioeconomic conditions.

EQUALITY

VS
EQUITY

FORMS OF DEMOCRACY
1.

Direct Participatory Democracy

The direct exercise of governmental power
by the people themselves.
Involves consensus decision making and
offers greater political representation.
Athens.

2. Semi Democracy
A semi democracy blends democratic and
authoritarian elements.
democratic despot controls the electoral process.
Individual rights are violated and independent
bodies such as media are carefully monitored.
Political competition is low.
In the other form of semi-democracy, democratic
puppets are, despite their status as elected leaders,
manipulated or constrained by other power holders
such as the military, ethnic leaders or criminal gangs.

3. Representative Democracy / Liberal

Democracy
Indirect

democracy where sovereignty is

held by peoples representatives.
Governed by political elites; able to
manage communitys affairs.
Establishment of legislative, judiciary and
executive bodies (check and balance).
Media and speech freedom implemented
US

Representative Democracy
Mechanism: elections
people may exercise their sovereign right to
participate in politics.
Hold their chosen representatives in
government accountable for their actions.

9 Characters Of Representative
Democracy
Roskin, Cord, Medeiros dan Jones (2000)

1.

Popular accountability of government

majority through election

2.

Political competition

The freedom of citizens in choosing their

representatives; voters must have a choice
either of candidates or parties.

3.

Alternation in power
Oppositions rule government or
previous representative become
opposition.
The reins of power must occasionally
alternate peacefully and legitimately

4.

Popular representation
the voters elect representatives to act as
legislators to voice and protect their
general interest; mandate; trustee.

5. Majority decision

Majority rule with minority rights.

the majority should decide. modern democracy
decides with respect for minority rights.

6. Right of Dissent and Disobedience

the overthrown of failure government.

related to minority rights, the people must have

the right to resist the commands of the
government if those commands no longer serve
the public will.

7. Political equality

all adults are equally able to participate in

politics
one person, one vote

8. Popular consultation

to govern effectively, most leaders must know

what the people want and must be
responsive to these needs and demands.

9.

Free Press

while dictatorships cannot tolerate free and

critical mass media, democracies cannot do
without them.
one of the clearest ways to determine the
degree of democracy in a country is to see
how free its press is.

Process of Presidential Democracy System

(Michael G. Roskin: 2003, 259)

President

Parliament

elect
elect
Voters

Cabinet
Ministries
or
Departments

A system with the separate election of an

executive.
President (the chief political official) is
independently elected on the basis of
popular election.

Parliament Democracy System

(Michael G. Roskin: 2003, 259)

Prime Minister

Parties

Parliament

Elects and
ousts

Voters

Cabinet

Ministries

A system with the election of parliament

only, which in turn elects as prime
minister.
The chief political official in parliamentary
system.

Industrial Democracies

First World
Definition of development connected with:
a. Increasing development,
b. Successful achievement,
c. Independent administration

In economic terms, developed countries are taken

to be industrial or postindustrial societies with high
levels of income and education

Economically developed and democratic

The general determinant factors:

Democratically; the degree of participation
(voting and elections), competition and liberty.
Economic development; the presence of private
poverty, open market, level of GDP at
purchasing-power parity (PPP).
In sum, liberal democratic regimes, capitalist
economic systems in which service sector
dominates and a high HDI ranking.

Human Development Index (HDI)

The HDI combines three basic dimensions:

Life expectancy at birth, as an index of
population health and longevity
Knowledge and education, as measured by the
adult literacy rate and the combined primary,
secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio
Standard of living, as measured by the gross
domestic product (GDP) per capita at
purchasing power parity (PPP).

INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRATIC
STATES
United
States

Russia
United
Kingdom

Italy

G8

Germany

France

Japan
Canada

CHARACTERS OF MAIN INDUSTRIAL

COUNTRIES
1.
2.

3.

4.

Fundamental of diversified industrial and

complex
Big scale of local market
Connected with geographic proximity and local
population
Competitive Product export rates
Export rates not over than 25 percent from
Growth National Product (GNP) or USD300
billion.
Population exceed 50 million

5.

Exchangeable currency (hard currency) and

credibility accepted globally
United States dollar, Euro, the Japanese
Yen, British pound and Swiss Franc.

Hard currency issued by large countries,

stable Internal and external political
relation.

6.

Transaction and modal and liberal stock

exchange

Less-Developed Democracies

Third World
Developing countries are much more varied
group but the least developed countries are
marked by agricultural economies, limited
urbanization, a small average income and
low of improving literacy rates.

Divided into two groups that indicate differences

in their level of development:

Newly industrializing countries (NICs)

Less developed countries (LDCs)

NICs: rapid economic growth , democratization,

political and social stability. Eg: South Korea
LDCs: a slow economic development, political
instability with authoritarian rule. Eg: Ghana.

CHILDREN IN POOR COUNTRIES