Construction Material Brick

Compiled by : FD Architects Forum
Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment

Bhawani Singh Road
C-scheme , Jaipur -302001
Rajasthan ( INDIA)
Ph. 91-0141-2743536
Email: architect@frontdesk.co.in
Web : http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
BRICKS
Construction Material : BRICK

Bricks was the first building material to be made by
man
There is deep satisfaction in constructing a building
from units scaled to a mans hand
Bricks has been used consistently from Egyptians to
modern day American buildings
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Todays objectives:
Able to identify the type of bricks

Able to identify the process making brick
Able to identify the advantage and
disadvantage of using bricks

Able to identify the method to test the brick
An Introduction : Bricks
Bricks can be categorized according to different use:
Load bearing wall

Non-Load bearing wall
Insulation wall
Covering wall
Selection of bricks based on their using.

Standard size of bricks is 9x 4 x 3
Its can made from clay, sand & lime, cement mortar.
Type of Bricks
Bricks
Sand Lime
Normal
Clay
Engineering
Mortar
Face
Fly Ash
Type of Bricks
Sand Lime Brick
These are made by using mix of lime and sand

that ratio is 1:8.
Brick will curing in autoclave in 8 hours
That curing will produced high compressive
strength and more hard brick.
These used for wall that will exposed in water
with higher compressive strength
Type of Bricks
Sand Lime Brick
Type of Bricks
Mortar Brick
Made with mix of cement, sand and water.

These use steel or wood mould to form it.
Normally, the design do not produce a good
appearance and come out with rough surface.
Type of Bricks
Mortar Brick
Type of Bricks
Fly ash Brick
Type of Bricks
Clay Bricks Classified in 3 groups : normal brick, face brick, and
engineering brick.
Normal brick These are ordinary bricks which are not designed to
provide good finished appearance or high strength. They are

therefore in general and cheapest bricks available.
Face brick - These are designed to give attractive appearance,
hence they are free from imperfection such as cracks. Its produces
in variety of color. Its no need plaster when used as wall.
Engineering Brick These are design base on engineering
characteristic. Its designed primarily for strength and durability. They

are high density and well fired. Normally, its will be used as
retaining wall, load bearing wall and sewerage.
Brick Masonry terms

Bonding - the method of laying masonry units in a wall in a
regular pattern for strength & generally in such a way that
there are no continuous vertical joints in successive courses.
Type of brick bond :

1. Flemish Bond
2. English Bond
3. Stretcher bond
Flemish Bond
Alternate bricks are placed as header and stretcher in

every course. Each header is placed centrally between
the stretcher immediately above and below. This is not
as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick
English Bond
Alternative courses of headers and stretchers; one header

placed centrally above each stretcher.
This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1 brick thick (or
thicker).
One of the strongest brickwork bond patterns.
Stretcher Bond
Easiest bond to lay & minimizes the amount of cutting

required
Originally used for single brick walls, now called 1/2
brick walls it became the obvious choice for cavity
walls as less cutting was required.
Brick Manufacturing Processes

RAW MATERIAL PREPARATION
MAKING PROCESS
SETTING & DRYING
FIRING
PACKAGING

Raw Material Preparation
Gathering
Pug mill
Storage
Crushing
Screening
Grinding

The Making Process
Clay will grinded with 15% of water.
The clay will be pushed through the mould base
on the shape.
After that, clay will cut to get a standard size of
brick using wire.
Sometimes, bricks will produced using big mould
that clay will be press that using hydraulic
machine (this method, clay will grind 10% of
water) or without hydraulic press (with 30% of water)
Slide extruded bricks
Reel cutter for

slicing brick
Extruder
Extruding
Clay in mold boxes
Dumping mold box
Molded bricks

The Making Process

Setting and Drying
After bricks in form,
indentation or perforation to
the bricks.
Wet unit bricks will be drying
in space or room with control

temperature to make sure the
bricks in complete dry.
Hand setting on kiln car
normal
indentation
Separating sliced
perforation
Setting on kiln car

Setting and Drying

Setting and Drying

Firing
Dry bricks, was compile in kiln to firing process with 600oC
(temperature).
The main stage of firing are:
100 oc evaporation of water

400 0c burning of carbon and sulfur
900 1000 0c Strengthen the bricks
Maintaining control of the temperature is most important
Too rapid fire over burning the external layer

Too slow seriously impairs the strength and durability
Stronger brick such as Engineering Brick, are normally fired at higher
temperature

Firing
Inside tunnel kiln
Brick inside kiln
Firing brick

Packaging
After exiting the kiln, the brick is allowed to cool prior to handling.
Proper sorting and packaging of the brick after burning is extremely
important.
Broken, twisted and otherwise mechanically defective brick are

discarded at this stage.
Brick color and range is carefully monitored to assure a quality
product.

Packaging
Brick awaiting packaging
Packaged cube of brick
Manual Rechecking
Inventory
Packaging

Fly ash bricks
Fly ash bricks manufacturing plant
Advantages of Brick
* Brick will not burn, buckle or melt.

* Brick will not rot and allow Termites to invade.
* Brick will not rust and corrode.
* Brick will not dent.
* Brick will not fade from the Sun's UV Rays.
* Brick will not be damaged by high winds, rain or hail.
* Brick will not require constant maintenance.
* Brick will not devalue.
* Brick will not limit your personal expression.
* Brick will not limit your design options.
Indian Standards (IS CODE) for bricks

Objective To control quality of the brick
IS CODE
Title
1077:1992
Specification for common burnt clay building bricks (fifth revision)
2117:1991
Guide for manufacture of handmade-common burnt clay building
2180:1988
bricks (third revision) Specification for heavy duty burnt clay

building bricks (third revision)
2222 1991
Specification for burnt clay perforated building bricks (Fourth

Revision)
2691 1988
Specification for burnt clay facing bricks (second revision)
3495 (Parts 1 to4)

:1992
Methods of test of burnt clay building bricks (third revision)
3583:1988
Specification for burnt clay paving bricks (second revision)
4885:1988
Specification for sewer bricks first revision
5454:1978
Methods for sampling of clay building bricks
5779:1986
Specification for burnt clay soling bricks (first revision)
Brick work
Brick
arrangement in
brick work
Brick
Work
arrangement in
Brick
brick work
Brick Work
Brick
arrangement in
brick work
Brick Test
Six Brick Test
Compressive Strength Test
Water Absorption Test
Efflorescence Test
Initial Rate of Absorption Test
Moisture Expansion Test
Salt attack resistance Test
Compressive Strength Test

Fairly obviously, this is the ability of the masonry unit (brick or
block) to resist crushing loads, eg the weight of the roof that
the wall is supporting, plus the weight of the wall itself. The
designer of the structure needs to be sure that the masonry
unit will be able to carry the load being placed upon it,
including any live loads.
The bricks, when tested in accordance with the procedure laid
down in IS 3495 (Part 1) : 1992 shall have a minimum
average compressive strength for various classes as given
in TABLE
Water Absorption Test

A standard soaking-in-water test can determine the
porosity of bricks, which can then be used as an
indication of the potential for the development of
problems related to the penetration of salts and
other materials into the units, such as salt attack
and efflorescence.
The bricks, when tested in accordance with the
procedure laid down in IS 3495 (Part 2) : 1992
after immersion in cold water for 24 hours,
water absorption shall not be more than 20 %
by weight up to class 12.5
and 15 % by weight for higher classes.
Efflorescence Test
Efflorescence is a deposit of salts, usually white,

on the surface of bricks and blocks after being
laid. The salts usually come from ground water or
out of the mortar, but may come from within the
masonry units themselves.
This test predicts the likelihood that the units will
display such unsightly deposits from salts that
they already contain.
The bricks when tested in accordance with the
procedure laid down in IS 3495 (Part 3 ) : 1992
Standard Mark. the rating of efflorescence shall
not be more than moderate up to class 12.5 and
slight for higher classes
Short Quizzes
1. How many type of bricks? And briefly explain each of
them.
2. How many processes involved in manufacture bricks.
3. Give 3 advantages of brick.
Thank You for POSTING

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Compiled by : FD Architects Forum

Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment

Construction Material : BRICK

Able to identify the type of bricks

disadvantage of using bricks

Load bearing wall

Selection of bricks based on their using.

Sand Lime Brick

These are made by using mix of lime and sand

Made with mix of cement, sand and water.

provide good finished appearance or high strength. They are

characteristic. Its designed primarily for strength and durability. They

Brick Masonry terms

Type of brick bond :

Alternate bricks are placed as header and stretcher in

Alternative courses of headers and stretchers; one header

Easiest bond to lay & minimizes the amount of cutting

Brick Manufacturing Processes

SETTING & DRYING

Brick Manufacturing Processes

Brick Manufacturing Processes

Slide extruded bricks

Reel cutter for

Dumping mold box

Brick Manufacturing Processes

Brick Manufacturing Processes

in space or room with control

Hand setting on kiln car

Setting on kiln car

Brick Manufacturing Processes

Brick Manufacturing Processes

Brick Manufacturing Processes

100 oc evaporation of water

Maintaining control of the temperature is most important

Too rapid fire over burning the external layer

Stronger brick such as Engineering Brick, are normally fired at higher

Brick Manufacturing Processes

Inside tunnel kiln

Brick inside kiln

Brick Manufacturing Processes

Broken, twisted and otherwise mechanically defective brick are

Brick Manufacturing Processes

Brick awaiting packaging

Packaged cube of brick

Brick Manufacturing Processes

Fly ash bricks manufacturing plant

* Brick will not burn, buckle or melt.

Indian Standards (IS CODE) for bricks

Specification for common burnt clay building bricks (fifth revision)

Guide for manufacture of handmade-common burnt clay building

bricks (third revision) Specification for heavy duty burnt clay

Specification for burnt clay perforated building bricks (Fourth

Specification for burnt clay facing bricks (second revision)

3495 (Parts 1 to4)

Methods of test of burnt clay building bricks (third revision)

Specification for burnt clay paving bricks (second revision)

Specification for sewer bricks first revision

Methods for sampling of clay building bricks

Specification for burnt clay soling bricks (first revision)

Compressive Strength Test

Water Absorption Test

Initial Rate of Absorption Test

Moisture Expansion Test

Salt attack resistance Test