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TRANSDUCER

WHAT IS TRANSDUCER?

TRANSDUCER
Convert various
physical
quantities into
related
electrical values

Any device that


convert one
energy to
another

In electronic
instrumentation
nonelectrical
physical
quantity
electrical signal

WHY WE NEED
TRANSDUCERS?

IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN
INDUSTRIAL & SCIENTIFIC
FIELD
Rate of flows
of fluids

Measurement of physical
parameters

Position

Temperature

Force

Pressure

TRANSDUCERS
IN
DAILY LIFE

Transducers
in
your daily life

How does microphone works


Sound waves hit the diaphragm, it
causes the diaphragm to vibrate.
Coils within the magnetic field inside
the microphone starts to vibrates.
Current is generated.
When coil is shorted current starts
to flow in the coil.
Convert sound electrical energy.

TRANSDUCER FUNCTION

Sense

Sense the
presence,
magnitude, change
in, and frequency
of some
*measurand

*Measurand =
the quantity,
property, or
condition
translated into
electrical signal

Provide
output

Provide an
electrical output
that gives
accurate

quantitative data
about *mesurand

Electrical
Output

Measurand

Transducer
Excitation

Transducers block diagram

TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS
Passive
- Variable resistance

Active/Self
Generating
Transducers

- Variable inductance

- Moving-coil generator

- Variable capacitance

- Thermocouple
- Piezoelectric
- Photovoltaic cell

HOW TO SELECT A
TRANSDUCER?

ASCERTAIN ON THE FOLLOWING


CRITERIA
Operating range range requirement & good
resolutions
Sensitivity to allow sufficient output
Accuracy to minimize calibration error
Environmental compatibility ensure that the
impact from the environment (i.e. humidity,
extreme hot or cold etc.) does not
compromise the transducer used
Electrical determine the additional
appliances needed

COMMON TRANSDUCERS
Resistive position
transducers

Resistance
temperature detectors

Strain gauge

Thermocouples

Capacitive transducers

Thermistors

Variable inductance
transducers

Photoconductive cells

Piezoelectric
transducers

Photodiode
Phototransistor

Resistive position transducers


Principle the physical variable under
measurement that causes resistance change in
the sensing element

VT
R

V
R
B

Basic equations

Resistive position transducers


Exercise example:
A displacement transducer with a shaft stroke of 3.0 in.
is applied in the circuit of the previous figure. The total
resistance of the potentiometer is 5k, and the applied
voltage VT = 5.0V. When the wiper is 0.9 in. from B, what
is the value of the output voltage V?

Resistive position transducers


Exercise example:
A resistive position transducer with a resistance of 5000 and a shaft stroke
of 5.0 in. is used in the arrangement of figure below. Potentiometer RR is also
5000 and VT = 5.0 V. The initial position to be used as a reference point is
such that R = R (i.e. the shaft is at midstroke). At the start of the test,
potentiometer RR is adjusted so that the bridge is balanced (V = 0).
Assuming that the object being monitored will move a maximum distance of 0.5
in. toward A, what will the new value of V be? (If the wiper moves 0.5 in.
toward A from midstroke, it will be 3.0 in. from B).

R
VT
R

VE

Resistive position transducers

To be continued in the next


lecture

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