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Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Scavenging
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Definition:
Scavenging is a process of sticking onto particles.
A chemical agent that is added to a chemical mixture to
counteract the effects of impurities.
Scavenging is a process of sticking onto particles and this
heavier particles fall to the bottom of the ocean.
In the Gulf of Alaska, Phosphorous is abundant so the
other trace metal such as Fe could be the limiting factor.
So if the rate of scavenging increases that would
decrease the Fe in the water column which could
decrease the biological productivity.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Scavenging in Atmosphere
In wet deposition, there are always some atmospheric hydrometeors which
scavenge aerosol particles. This means that dry deposition is
gravitational coagulation with water droplets.
Different types of wet deposition include:
1. Precipitation scavenging. This is where falling rain droplets collide with
particles. This is also called "below-cloud scavenging".
2. In-cloud scavenging. This is where aerosol particles collide with the
water droplets in clouds. A common example of this type of deposition is
inside fog. Clouds may also intercept with terrain (e.g. onto a mountain).
3. Snow scavenging. This is where falling snow "removes" the material
below it.
At the point of stack emission and during atmospheric transport, mercury
can also become bound to particulate matter. This form of mercury,
Hg(p), can be removed from the atmosphere by both wet deposition
(precipitation scavenging)
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
scavenging coefficient
International Society of Coating Science and Technology (ISCST) models
wet deposition using rainfall intensity and an empirical parameter known
as the scavenging coefficient.
The total flux to be deposited is the product of the scavenging ratio
multiplied by the concentration integrated over the vertical dimension.
The scavenging ratio is composed of two parameters, precipitation
intensity (mm/hr) and a scavenging coefficient (s-mm/hr)-1.
The scavenging coefficient depends on the characteristics of the pollutant
(e.g., solubility and reactivity for gases, size distribution for particles) as
well as the nature of the precipitation (e.g., liquid or frozen).
Scavenging rate coefficients are expected to be approximately 1/3 smaller
for frozen precipitation.
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Hg(0)
3.3 X 10-7
1.0 X 10-7
Hg(+2)
2.5 X 10-4
5.0 X 10-5
Hg(p) 0.68 m
7.0 X 10-5
2.0 X 10-5
Hg(p) 3.5 m
2.8 X 10-4
9.0 X 10-5
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Scavenging in Water
Generally, trace elements are being scavenged during the course
of transportation, particularly in the ground water and ocean.
When the ground water is squeezed out, during its upward
movement it corrodes the minerals primarily like scavenging.
Such affixation, or bonding, takes place always from week to very
strong.
The strength of the bonding on the host depends on the chemical
nature, weak electrostatic attraction, etc.
Such scavenging is carried over mostly by hydrated aluminium
silicates (clays), secondary carbonates, amorphous oxides of
manganese and oxides of iron.
While leaching such scavenged trace elements, one should apply in
the host mineral, the order of increasing bond strength such as clays
first and then crystalline iron oxides last.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
specific
biochemical
processes
related
to
(iii) those with structural skeletal materials such as cakite, opal and
celeatite, and
(iv) those with hydrous metal oxide precipitates, or organics, via active
surface scavenging.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Factors:
Inorganic:
Organic:
The trace-metal scavenging is controlled by organic
coatings
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Particle cycle
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
scavenging: adsorption
desorption from) particles
onto
(and
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Solute adsorption
the surface ligand model
Surfaces of aquatic particles contain acidbase functional groups other coordination
properties
Surface adsorption reactions consist both
of a chemical bonding of solutes to
surface atoms and an electrostatic
interaction between ions and charged
surfaces
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
acid/base reaction
XOH = H+ + XO-
XOH + H+ =
XOH2+
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
FOUND IN NODULES
Mn(II) / Mn(IV)
Fe(II) / Fe(III)
Co(II) / co(Ill)
Pt(II) I Pt(IV) ?
TI(I) /TI(III)
Pb(II) / Pb(IV)
Ce(III) / Ce(IV)
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Hydrolytic scavenging
Al, Bi, Cr(III), 232Th, Sn, Te
No obvious oxidative removal pathway
Deep sea concentration profiles are
dominated by scavenging - invariably fairly
strongly hydrolyzed
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Oxidative reaction
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the
oxidation of other molecules.
Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance
to an oxidizing agent.
Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals, which start chain reactions
that damage cells.
Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical
intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized
themselves.
As a result, antioxidants are often reducing agents such as thiols or
polyphenols.
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Oxidative reaction
A variety of oxygen transport and binding proteins exist in organisms
throughout the animal and plant kingdoms.
Organisms including bacteria, protozoans and fungi all have hemoglobinlike proteins whose known and predicted roles include the reversible
binding of gaseous ligands.
In particular, the distinction of myoglobin and hemoglobin in lower
animals is often impossible, because some of these organisms do not
contain muscles.
Or, they may have a recognizable separate circulatory system but not one
which deals with oxygen transport (for example, many insects and other
arthropods).
In all these groups, heme/globin containing molecules which deal with gasbinding are referred to as hemoglobins. In addition to transport and
sensing of oxygen, they may also deal with NO, CO2, sulfide compounds,
and even O2 scavenging in environments which must be anaerobic.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Bacterial protection:
A proper iron metabolism protects against bacterial infection. If bacteria
are to survive, then they must get iron from the environment.
Disease-causing bacteria do this in many ways, including releasing ironbinding molecules called siderophores and then reabsorbing them to
recover iron, or scavenging iron from hemoglobin and transferrin.
The iron-deprived bacteria reproduce more slowly.
So our control of iron levels appears to be an important defense against
bacterial infection.
People with increased amounts of iron, like people with hemochromatosis,
are more susceptible to bacterial infection.
Iron is also stored as a pigment called hemosiderin in an apparently
pathologic process.
This molecule appears to be mainly the result of cell damage. It is often
found engulfed by macrophages that are scavenging regions of damage.
It can also be found among people with iron overload due to frequent
blood cell destruction and transfusions.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Unit : I
Title : Scavenging
Free radicals:
Some internally generated sources of free radicals are:
mitochondria
phagocytes
xanthine oxidase
reactions involving iron and other transition metals
arachidonate pathways
peroxisomes
exercise
inflammation
ischaemia/reperfusion.
Some externally generated sources of free radicals are:
cigarette smoke
environmental pollutants
radiation
ultraviolet light
certain drugs, pesticides, anaesthetics and industrial solvents
ozone.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University