8051MICROCONTROLLER

BASED GAS AND FIRE ALARM

SYSTEM

NEED FOR THE PROJECT :

Current technology is effective but not
inclusive.
Heat alarm systems are being used.
Needed in high rise buildings and hospitals.

INTRODUCTION

Safety during fire and gas leak emergencies.

Prevention using manumatic system.

Alert people belonging to high risk groups.

Contd..
NFPA sponsored researches.
But, researches into the effectiveness of the
alerting methods has been sparse.
Several methods published by Underwriters
Laboratory are used.

Contd..
Development of stand alone alarm system.
This project:
1. Combines the concept of home automation
with alarm systems.
2. Uses the concept of tactile stimulation.

Why manual controlling?

LCD
GAS
SENSOR
SMOKE
SENSOR

STEPPER
MOTOR
MICRO
CONTROLLER
8051

MAX
232

GAS
VALVE
GSM
MODEM

POWER
SUPPLY
BUZZER
JRELAY BOARD

WATER
VALVE

EXHAUST
FAN

VIBRATOR

ELECTRIC
LOCK

APPLIANCES

Fig.1 8051 based Gas and Fire Alarm System

MAINS
SUPPLY

TRANSMITTER\RECEIVER :

GSM
MOBILE

Fig.2 GSM Mobile device

SENSORS
Semiconductor sensors- made with a porous
assembly of Sno2
MQ2 sensor- detects smoke
MQ6 sensor- detects LPG

FACTORS AFFECTING SENSORS

PERFORMANCE
THREE KEY FACTORS
Receptor function-selection of a foreign
receptor which enhances surface reactions or
adsorption of target gas
Transducer function-oxide with high mobility
of conduction electrons and satisfactory
stability
Utility factor-fabrication of a highly porous,
thin sensing body

Basic measuring circuit

Fig.3 Basic Test Loop

Input voltage= 5v DC
Two voltage inputs Vc and Vh
Resistance of sensor(Rs): Rs=(Vc/VRL-1)RL

Operational principle

Fig.4 Model of inter-grain potential barrier

(in the absence of gases)

Contd..

Fig.5 Model of inter-grain potential barrier

(in the presence of gases)

Contd..
Sensing material- Sno2
Oxygen is adsorbed-donor electrons in the
crystal surface are transferred to the adsorbed
oxygen
Surface potential is formed
In the presence of deoxidizing gas electrical
resistance is reduced

Rs = A[C] ^(- )
where: Rs = electrical resistance of the sensor
A = constant
[C] = gas concentration
= slope of Rs curve

Eqn.1 Scheme of reaction between CO and adsorbed oxygen

on SnO2.

MQ2

Fig.6 Relationship between resistance ratio of the sensor and

concentration

MQ2

Fig.7 relationship between resistance ratio and

temperature/humidity

MQ6

Fig.8 Relationship between resistance ratio of the sensor and

concentration

MQ6

Fig.9 Relationship between resistance ratio and

temperature/humidity

Sensors

LM358D
Comparator

NOT Gate

Fig. 10 Signal flow from sensor to Microcontroller

Microcontroller

Microcontroller:P89V51RD2 is an 8051 microcontroller.

EEPROM.
SPI and enhanced UART.
TTL- and CMOS-compatible logic levels.
Four 8-bit I/O ports.
ISP and IAP.
Flash and Data RAM memory.

Block diagram:-

Fig.11 Architecture of P89V51RD2

Appliances

LCD

Specific
Purpose

Sensors

Fig. 12 Pin details of P89V51RD2 Microcontroller

Liquid Crystal Display(LCD):Programmable baud rate 9600bps or

19200bps.
Simple serial command clear screen, line
feed, clear row, clear column etc

Two register-Data and Command register

Fig.13 LCD display
Sending ASCII characters to the serial LCD
will result in text display on the LCD screen.

LCD interface to MC:Pin No.

Symbol

Description
Ground Terminal, 0V

Vss
Supply Terminal, +5V

Vdd
Power supply to control Contrast

VLCD
Register Select:

RS
RS = 0Instrution Register
RS = 1-Data Register
Read/Write:

R/W = 0

R/W
Write

R/W = 1
Read
Enable
6

EN
8-bit Data Bus

Fig.14 Ckt diagram of LCD

7-14
15-16

DB0-DB7
Backlight
Supply

In case of 15-pin module, pin-15 is the

supply voltage(+5) for the LED. In case
of 16-pin module, pin 15 is the ground
and pin 15 is the supply for the LED.

Power Supply:-

Fig. 15 Ckt diagram of AC-DC Adapter

Contd

230v

12v

5v

Fig. 16 Power Supply Conversion unit

The microcontroller and other devices get power supply

from ac to dc adapter through voltage regulator.
The adapter output voltage will be 12v dc non-regulated.
The 7805 voltage regulators are used to convert 12 V to
5 V dc.

GSM
Founded in 1982
Most popular standard for mobile
telephone systems
International roaming
Second generation (2G)

 Ability to switch carriers and also

network operators
Tri-band operation
Tiny configuration
Implementation of short text message
(sms)

 GSM is a cellular network

Uses GMSK modulation
SIM
GSM-easily configured using AT
commands

Some of the AT commands:

AT+CMGD=used to delete a message.
AT+CMGS=used to send a message.
AT+CMGR=used to read a message.

APPLICATION
High-raise buildings
For high risk group people
For domestic purposes
In gas distribution units

ADVANTAGES

Easy to design
Manually operated
8051 can be interfaced
Appliances can be controlled using GSM
Multi-functioned
Home-automation can also be done
Compatibility

LIMITATIONS
GSM signal strength
The strategic placement of the system is
necessary

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS :
Keil Micro vision.

LPC2000 Flash Utility.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
A microphone can be connected
The module can be connected to drive
more complex equipments

Development of remote warning handsets

CONCLUSION
This project is a combination of
Home-Automation and Alarm
systems.
Committed to create innovative
solutions

REFERENCES
BOOKS: Ayala- The 8051 microcontroller
8051 microcontroller and Embedded System by Mazidi
An Embedded Software Primer by David E Simon
Embedded system design by Frank Vahid / Tony
Givargis
Datasheets:
GSM modem SIM300
P89V51RD2 8051 based microcontroller
SC1602 16X2 characters serial LCD module datasheet
MQ2 smoke sensor datasheet
MQ6 gas sensor datasheet

THANK YOU