Presented by

Ch. Kumara swamy

Roll.No:143503

Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

What is a Shape Memory Alloy

Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

What are the difficulties

Conventional machining of SMAs leads to sever tool wear
Undesirable strain hardening effect
High cutting forces
Water jet machining used for milling surface.
This is expected to generate
Low cutting normal forces(10-40N)
No thermal distortion on the work piece superficial layer.

Still there are some problems associated with is technique.

Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

Phase transformation plays a key role in the unique behavior of

SMAs.
temperature measured during water jetting (W t )
Zone 1: at W t M f , the machining process (e.g. PWJ) will overall
perform at 100% martensite phase.
Zone 2: at M s <W t <A f , the machining process (e.g. AWJ) will
overall perform at martensiteaustenite phase (i.e. mix of martensite
and austenite).
Zone 3: at W t A f , the machining process (e.g. conventional
machining) will overall perform at 100% austenite phase.
Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

Experimental procedure
Ni49.8 Ti50.2 shape memory alloys were used for experiments
the following values: Ms =74 C; Mf=50 C; As=86 C; Af=110 C
Experiments were divided into two parts:
Plain Water jet(PWJ)milling and
Abrasive water jet(AWJ)milling.
Filtered(10microns abrasive)and fresh water was employed as
a machining tool for PWJ milling.
For AWJ milling, an addition of garnet was employed
Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

Results of PWJ milling of NiTi (Zone 1)

Since the PWJ milling process carried out at low(21.5 to 23.5C)
temperature.
PWJ operates upon NiTi alloy is within the martensitic phase
only (i.e. at T<A s =86C).

Surface generated by PWJ, it was found to be relatively smooth

except some locally formed craters.
Why craters are forme??
This not because of low yield strength and high ductility of
NiTi.
Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

When investigating the martensitic NiTi milled surface

generated by PWJ

Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

 Water-hammer pressure Pm in PWJ milling process

Since the martensite has low yield strength (70140MPa)
while the theoretical Pm in PWJ can be 730MPa.
Permanent plastic deformation the twinned martensite
undergoes de-twinning process easily.
Water jet impinge onto the work piece surface at different
angles (jet defocusing effect)
With different water hammer pressures.
The kinetic energy generated by water droplets varies locally
within the milling area
Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

Results of AWJ milling of NiTi (Zone 2/3

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) process will lead to a

comparatively greater thermal effect than PWJ milling
because of the high velocity of the abrasives impacting the
target surface.
Crystal structure may in Austenite or mixture of
Martensitic.

Localized areas impacted by the high-velocity abrasive

particles can reach a temperature greater than that of Af, the
melting of materials was observed.
Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

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Sparks were observed during AWJ milling of this

SMA thus temperature locally reaches up to 1300C.

Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

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 Pseudoelasticity of NiTi alloy can decrease with cyclic

deformation the amount of irreversible marten site still
increases after a period of time due to the accumulation of
permanent defects such as dislocations.
Martensite twin boundaries can be considered with lower wear
resistance characteristics and are more prone to surface crack
initiation.

Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

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Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

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References
M.C. Kong, D. Axinte, W. Voice (2011). Challenges in using water jet
machining of NiTi shape memory alloys : An analysis of
controlled-depth milling.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 211 (2011) 959971

Axinte,D.A.,Kong,M.C.,2009.An integrated monitoring method

to supervise water-jet machining CIRP.

Annals Manufacturing Technology 58 (1), 303306.

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Machining of Shape Memory Alloys

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