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I. Terminology of chemotherapy
I. Terms
When a drug is used to control an infection, the
practice is termed antimicrobial chemotherapy
Antimicrobial drugs: a class of compounds which
inhibit or kill microorganisms.
Antibiotics -- _____________ antimicrobial drugs.
Synthetics -- ______________ antimicrobials.
Antibiotics which have been chemically modified are
called _________________.
= ____
versus
20 g/ml
2 g/ml
= ___
Novobiocin
Nalidixic acid
Rifampin
Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
(Streptomycin,
Kanamycin,
Gentamicin)
Polymyxins
Penicillin family
(Beta-lactams)
Penicillin
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
-_______
ring
Carbenicillin
etc.
(Also can be O)
NH
N
O
COOH
Most have
root cef in
name
Sulfanilamide
Sulfanilamide
PABA
Folic acid
Sulfa competes with PABA for the active site
on the enzyme which converts PABA to
dihydrofolic acid, a precursor of folic acid
Antimicrobial Drugs
I. Terminology of chemotherapy
9000 cases
LONDON In a frustrating development in the battle against drugresistant bacteria, scientists report that the first entirely new type
of antibiotic in 35 years has been beaten by the staph
supergerm little more than a year after being introduced.
Researchers at Harvard Medical School describe in the Lancet
medical journal this week how an 85-year-old man on dialysis
came down with a staph infection in the lining of his intestines
that was not vulnerable to the new drug, Zyvox [Linezolid]. It is
the first report of staph resistance to the medicine.
Organis m
Staphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Stre ptococcus
pneumoniae
Ps eudomona s
ae ruginosa
Es cherichia coli
Klebs ie lla
pneumoniae
Nu mb er o f
i so lates
tested
Ampicillin/
Amox icillin
Augmentin
Ce fox it
in
Ce ftazidime
Erythromyc in
Genta micin
Pe nicillin
Va ncomyc in
71 5
12
55
90
12
100
81
11
38
65
11
100
52
100
76
42
11 5
11 8
0
57
62
3
78
0
99
91
95
92
100
82
95
97
97
In the study the researchers repeatedly exposed the bacteria Escherichia coli to a
household cleaner containing the disinfectant pine oil or pure pine oil itself in
order to isolate pine-oil resistant strains. The resistant strains were then tested
against a variety of antibiotics. All pine oil-resistant strains were also
multidrug resistant.
To our knowledge, the selection of chromosomal antibiotic resistance, albeit low
level, by a disinfectant has not previously been reported for gram-negative
bacteria, say the researchers. Whether pine oil in products meant for
household use could lead to a significant problem of antibiotic resistance is not
know. However, it seems possible that additional disinfectants might be
capable of selecting for resistance to antibiotics and vice versa.
(M.Moken, L.M. McMurry and S. Levy. 1997. Selection of multiple-antibioticresistant mutants of Escherichia coli by using the disinfectant pine oil: roles of
the mar and acrAB loci. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 41:27702772.)
dilution test