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Lecture set 1
by
Engr. Rowie Carpio
1
Introduction
PHASE DIAGRAM
Phase diagram
Phase diagram
Phase diagram
Phase diagram
Phase diagram
Definition of terms
Vapor pressure
or equilibrium vapor pressure
or saturation pressure
is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic
equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a
given temperature in a closed system.
is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate. It relates to the
tendency of particles to escape from the liquid (or a solid).
corresponds to a point on the vapor-liquid curve for a
substance at a given temperature T.
is the pressure for a corresponding to temperature at which a
liquid boils into its vapor phase.
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Definition of terms
Vapor pressure (continuation)
a substance with a high vapor pressure at normal
temperatures is often referred to as volatile.
A highly volatile substance is much more likely to
be found as vapor than is a substance with low
volatility, which is more likely to be in condensed
phase (liquid or solid)
High vapor pressure high volatility
Low boiling point high volatility
Example: acetone is more volatile than liquid
water at room temperature
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Definition of terms
Vapor pressure (continuation)
increases non-linearly with temperature (for any
substance)
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Definition of terms
Boiling point temperature
or saturation temerature
corresponds to the temperature on the vapor-liquid equilibrium
curve for a substance at a given pressure
normal boiling point is the boiling point of a substance at P = 1 atm
Melting point
or freezing point
corresponds to the temperature on the solid-liquid equilibrium
curve for a substance at a given pressure
Sublimation point
corresponds to the temperature on the solid-vapor equilibrium
curve for a substance at a given pressure
Triple point
the point at which solid, liquid and vapor phases can all co-exist
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Definition of terms
Critical point
or critical state
the point at which the vapor-liquid equilibrium
terminates.
at critical T , critical P and critical V
on the PT diagram corresponds to the highest P and T
at which two phases (liquid-vapor) can co-exist.
Supercritical fluid
any substance at a temperature and pressure above
its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases
do not exist.
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Definition of terms
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Introduction
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
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Definition of term
Equilibrium
A condition in which all acting influences are
canceled by others, resulting in a stable,
balanced, or unchanging system.
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Phase equilibrium
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Phase Equilibrium
Why study?
Many processes in chemical engineering do not
only involve a single phase.
Example:
brewing a cup of coffee or tea,
absorption of SO2,
distillation to recover methanol or ethanol from
aqueous solution from aqueous solution
L-L extraction
Adsorption
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Note:
air (or any gas) can only hold so
much water vapor (or any vapor)
If the air (or any gas) and liquid water
(or any liquid substance) are at
equilibrium, the air must be saturated
with water vapor .
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Where,
Pi = partial pressure of the component i in the gas phase
yi = mole fraction of component i in the gas phase
P = total pressure of the gas mixture
pi* = vapor pressure of the component I as liquid at the temperature of the system.
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Partial saturation
is the condition at which the vapor is not in equilibrium
with the liquid phase, and the partial pressure of the
vapor is less than the vapor pressure of the liquid at the
given temperature.
Partial pressure
In a mixture of gases, each gas has a partial
pressure which is the pressure that the gas would have if
it alone occupied the same volume at the
same temperature.
The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the
partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.
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Humidity
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Things to consider!!
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Example 1:
Use of Raoults law
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Example 2
A stream of air at 100 deg C and 5260 mm Hg contains 10%
water by volume. Calculate:
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Example 2
A stream of air at 100 deg C and 5260 mm Hg contains 10%
water by volume. Calculate:
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Example 2
A stream of air at 100 deg C and 5260 mm Hg contains 10%
water by volume. Calculate:
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Example 2
A stream of air at 100 deg C and 5260 mm Hg contains 10%
water by volume. Calculate:
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Example 2
A stream of air at 100 deg C and 5260 mm Hg contains 10%
water by volume. Calculate:
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Example 3
What is the minimum number of cubic meters of dry air
at 20oC and 100 kPa necessary to evaporate 6.0 kg of
ethyl alcohol if the total pressure remains constant at
100 kPa and the temperature remains 20oC?
Assume that the air is blown through the alcohol to
evaporate it in such a way that the exit pressure of the
air-alcohol mixture is at 100 kPa.
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Example 4
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Seatwork 1
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Seatwork 2
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Seatwork 3
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Seatwork 4
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Seatwork 5
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Seatwork 6
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Example 5
Calculate the volume of 150 Kg humid air at
30oC, 30% RH, at 1 atm
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Example 6
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Example 7
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