Diba Basar

Use formal English (AMJ formal American

English)
Use academic vocabulary
Avoid phrasal verb use (e.g. Find out, go up,
etc.)
Use tentative language (modals: may, might)
Avoid over generalization (all, every, etc.)
Minimum used of personal pronouns (I, you, we,
they)
Polite
No short, disconnected sentences.

All sentences are relevant with the topic and

comprehensive
Information are analyzed critically
Ethical clearance
Structure of paper preferred by the journal

Title

Include key words of article

Brief and clear
Does not contain abbreviation
Avoid using too many of

Abstract
Use headings (Background, Methods, Results, Conclusion)
Conscise (Eng. Max 250 words, Ind. Max. 200)
Acronyms/abbreviation are defined first used

afterwards
Key words: 3 5, alphabetical order

Introduction
Contain background, topic, and purpose
Describe problem in general terms
Defines key words and concepts used in the article

Methods

Materials
Material preparation
Procedure
Sampling method (incl. Sample size
Statistical method /s
Use direct and precise sentences past tense

Results
Link with the purpose of the study (research question/s)
Tables/graphs relevant with results of the study

important
Do not re-tell table contents in the narratives narratives
clarify information in the tables/graphs?

Discusssion

Explain whether the hypotheses are accepted/rejected

and the reasons why

Interpretation of findings
Agreement/disagreement with previous/other studies
with proper referencing
Reasons for disagreement (method? Etc.)

Conclusion
Summary and a thoughtful end of article
Fit the rest of the article (purpose, result, etc.)

Does not include completely new ideas

Clauses Building blocks of a sentence at

least consist of a subject and a verb
Types of clause:
Independent : S + Verb/to be + (complement)
Examples:
Water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones
He ran away

Dependent: (subordinator) + S + Verb/to be+

(complement)
Examples:
.....when the patient visited the clinic
.....after the blood sample was subjected to the test

After
Although
As, just as
As if
As soon as
Because
Before

Even though
How
If
Since
So that
That
Though

Unless
Until
What
When
Whenever
Wherever
Whether

Which
While
Who
whom

1.
2.

3.
4.

During long journeys through several time

zones, the bodys inner clock is disrupted
There are some ways to minimize it
When hospital nurses change from a day
shift to a night shift
Jet lag affects most long-distance travelers

Simple grab readers attention and add

emphasize
Compound emphasize balance and
parallel ideas
Complex showing what information
depends on what other information
Compound complex

A simple sentence is one independent clause.

In written form, it starts with a capital letter
and ends with period.
should consist at least one subject and one
verb (or to be + adjective/noun)
Example:

The patient visited the clinic yesterday

She is a doctor

A compound sentence is two or more

independent clauses joined together using:
A coordinator:

Salt water boils at a higher temperature than

freshwater, so food cooks faster in salt water
A conjunctive adverb:
Salt water boils at a higher temperatur than
freshwater; therefore, food cooks faster in salt water.
A semicolon: only when the two independent
clauses are closely related in meaning
Salt water boils at a higher temperature than
freshwater; food cooks faster in salt water

Coordinator

Function

For

To add a reason

And

To add a similar, equal idea

Nor

To add a negative equal idea

But

To add an opposite idea

Or

To add an alternative possibility

Yet

To add an unexpected or surprising continuation

So

To add an expected result

Function

Conjuctive adverb

To add a similar, equal iea

also, besides, furthermore, in addition,

moreover, as well, too

To add an unexpected or
surprising continuation

however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still

To add a complete contrast

on the other hand, in contrast, on the contrary

To give an alternative possibility

otherwise

T0 add an expected result

accordingly, as a result, consequently, hence,

therefore, thus

To add an example

for example, for instance

A complex sentence contains one

independent clause and one (or more)
dependent clause:
Examples:
A citizen can vote in Indonesia when he or she
is 17 years old
Men who are not married are called bachelors
The doctor wanted to know what illness is
suffered by the patient

A compound-complex sentence has at least

three clauses with at least two are
independent clauses
Example:
I wanted to travel after I graduated from
college, but I had to go to work immediately
because I had to support my family.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Make one independent clause

Make one dependent clause
Make one simple sentence
Make one compound sentence
Make one complex sentence using a
coordinator
Make one complex sentence using a
conjunctive adverb
Make one complex sentence using a
semicolon

Phrase with ing : a sleeping baby, a visiting

doctor
Phrase with ed: a used car, consumed medicine
Phrase as a reduced form of clause:

The ambulance that was summoned by a bystander

came quickly The ambulance summoned by a

bystander came quickly
When you enter a theater, you should turn off your
cell phone When entering a theater, you should
turn off your cell phone

I study

I had studied

I am studying

I had been studying

I have studied

I will study

I have been studying

I am going to study

I studied

I will be studying

I was studying

I will have been studying

Only discuss one idea

Must have:
a topic sentence:
A complete sentence
Include a topic and a controlling idea
Example: The rise of the disease is due to several factors.

The most general statement in the paragraph

supporting sentences
Explain or prove the topic sentence.
Are specific and factual
Can be examples, statistics, or quotations

some has a concluding sentence

Signal the end of the paragraph
Summarize the paragraph

Chronological order : by time sequence, e.g.

Laboratory procedures
Logical division of ideas: a topic is divided
into parts and each part is discussed
separately
Comparison/contrast paragraph: similarities
and/or differences between two or more
items are described

Important to avoid plagiarism

Plagiat if:
Use information from an outside source without

citing the source

Your paraphrase is too similar to the original

Good paraphrase:
Use our own words and sentence structure
No change in the meaning (of the original)

No phrasal verb : discover instead of find out

No contraction
Formal English
Polite
Tentative language
Avoid over generalization
Minimum used of personal pronouns (I, you, we, they,
etc.)
No short, disconnected sentences
Names of organization/institution official

Word file

In Indonesia there is regulation about the drug

advertisements that should be followed by the
advertising company.5 The function of this
regulation is to make sure that the information
delivered to the society is true and beneficial.5
However many of pharmaceutical company
produce the advertisements only to increase the
profit rather than give information as not all the
information written in the advertisement.6 Thus
this misleading advertisements consist
inappropriate information regarding their
products.7