Environment Factors

Sapto Andriyono, S.Pi., MT

General Requirement

1.
2.
3.
4.

Important Parameter regulating algal

growth:
Nutrient
Lights
pH
Turbulance
Person and Clause, 1980

1. Nutrient

Marine and Brackishwater

Toxins should be avoided
Filtered, UV, autoclave
Artificial seawater

Macro Nutrient

Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Silicate (diatoms)

Micro Nutrient

Iron
Copper
Zinc
Cobalt
Manganese
Molybdenum
Vitamins (especially B12 and
Thiamine, biotine)

F/2 Guillards Medium

(Guilard 1975)

NaNO3
NaH2PO4.H2O
Na2SiO3.H2O
Vitamin Mix
EDTA
Sodium matasilicate

Shrimp hatchery

2. Light

Source Energy
Fotosintesis
Depend on water depth, cell density
Intensity, spectral quality, photoperiode
Indoor: 80 watt, 2000-2500 lux (30004500 lux), 14 h/d ilumination

3. pH

Optimum 7-9
Most optimum 8,2 8,7 (Ukeles,
1971)
Isochrysis galbana grew well within
5-9 (Kaplan et al, 1986)
Addition of CO2 increase the
buffering capacity

4. Aeration/Mixing/Turbulance

Beneficial:
1.
Source carbon, form of CO2
2.
CO2 provides essensial pH stabilization
3.
Aeration is sole means of mixing
nutrient and cell distribution
uniform nutrient and light absorption
decrease of self-shading and or photo-inhibition
avoid thermal stratification
Persoone et al 1980: 30% more algae than non mixing
culture

Not all species can tolerant vigorous

mixing
Gentle aeration for 1-2 day after
inoculation
Large bubbles achieve the highest
degree of mixing
Small bubbles are best for diffusing
gases to the liquid medium

5. Temperature

Nutrient are present, temperature and

illumination are sole limiting factor (Goldman,
1979b).
Direct and indirect effects of temperature
Temperature predominant in outdoor culture
In general; 16-27oC tolerant, 20-24 optimum
(Guillard, 1975)
<16oC slow growth, >35 lethal (Hoff and Snell,
1989)
Kaplan et al, 1986:27oC optimum for Isochrysis
galbana

6. Salinity

Most species grow best at lower

than native habitat
In general: 12-40 ppt, 20-24 ppt
optimum
I.galbana: 15 ppt, optimum (Kaplan
et al, 1986)

7. Monitoring

Decline cell density

Change in culture color (Hoff and Snell,
1989)
pH measurement and microscopically
(Ukeles, 1971)
Contamination levels (Ukeles 1980)
Nutrient levels
Prevention of culture collapse and
Maintenance of high quality live feed

8. Equipment

Equipment needed to culture

microalgae is highly dependent on
the type and scale of culture
De Pauw and Persoone recommend
that algal culture system have
draining devices and easy to clean

A Generalized set of condition for culturing

microalgae
Parameters
Temperature (oC)
Salinity (ppt)
Light intensity (Lux)

Range

Optima

16-271
12- 40 (for neritic
flagellates)3
1,000-10,000 (depend on
volume, density)2

20-24, 18-222
20-243

Phooperiode (light hours/day)

pH
1. Hoff and Snell, 1989
2. Le Borgne, 1990
3. Ukeles, 1976
4. Ukeles, 1971

7-9

2,500-5,000
16:8 (minimum)1
24:0 (maximum)1
8,2-8,74

Tugas perorangan
1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

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