PRESENTED BY:

ADITI MISHRA
DIVYA PANDEY
AMBUJ TIWARI
KARTIK DUBEY

(1105421007)
(1105421041)
(1105421013)
(1105421054)

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

MR. ANIL SINGH RATHORE

PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR
MR. ABHISHEK SRIVASTAV
( ASSISTANCE PROFESSOR )

INTRODUCTION
The aim of this project is four quadrant speed control of DC
motor .
Motor is operated in four quadrant i.e; clockwise , counter
clockwise, instantaneous forward brake and instantaneous
reverse brake.
Speed of DC motor is directly proportional to the DC
voltage across its terminals .
Speed of DC motor is controlled by controlling DC voltage
and by pulse width modulation.

MAIN COMPONENTS
1. Micro switch
2. Microcontroller
3. Motor driver

4. DC motor
5. Step down transformer
6. Bridge rectifier

COMPONENTS DISCRIPTION
MICROSWITCH: A micro switch, also know as snap-action
switch is a generic term used to refer to an electric switch.
MICROCONTROLLER: The microcontroller used here is a
common 8-bit Atmel microcontroller.

MOTOR DRIVER: It receives signals from the microcontroller

and on the basis of that it will drive the motors.
DC MOTOR: A DC motor is simple electric motor that uses
electricity and magnetic field to produce torque, which turns
the motor.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Speed control of DC motor can be done by various ways:
Direction of the motor can be controlled by controlling the
polarity of current flowing through it.
Speed of motor is controlled by DC voltage applied across its
terminals.
PWM wave can be used to control the speed of DC motor.

FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION

Speed
Ia

Ia
Ra

Va

Ra
Va

Ea
Va < Ea

Ea
Va > Ea

Forward Breaking

Forward Motoring

Reverse Motoring

Reverse Breaking

Ia

Ia
Ra

Va
Ea
Va > Ea

Ra
Va
Ea
Va < Ea

Torqe

BLOCK DIAGRAM

MICROSWITCH
A micro switch, also known as snap-action-switch, is a
generic term used to refer to an electric switch.
They are very common due to their low cost and durability,
greater than one million cycles and up to 10 million cycles for
heavy duty models.
Common application of micro switches include the door
interlock on a microwave oven, levelling and safety switches
in elevators, vending machines and to detect paper jams or
other faults in photocopiers.

MICRO CONTROLLER USED

The microcontroller used here is a common Atmel
microcontroller.
It is a low power, high performance CMOS 8 bit
microcontroller.

CPU

RAM ROM

A single chip
I/O
Port

Serial
Timer COM
Port

Microcontroller

PIN DIAGRAM
2K bytes EEPROM Data Memory.
2.7v to 5.5v Operating Range.
256x8 bit Internal RAM.

32 programmable I/O lines.

Three 16-bit Timer/Counters.
Nine interrupt sources.

ATMEL PIN DIAGRAM

MOTOR DRIVER
H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables a voltage to be
applied across a load in either direction.
These circuits are often used in robotics and other application to
allow DC motors to run forwards and backwards.
The motor operating switch:
Vcc

The motor operation

Forward motoring

Forward Breaking

Reverse motoring

Reverse Breaking

ON

Q1

D1

D3

Q3

D2

Q2

OFF

ON

OFF

Q4

D4

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Different types of waves:

sine, square, sawtooth, triangle.

PWM uses square waves.

Discrete On/Off values.

Based on duty cycles;
On and Off time

ADVANTAGES
It is user friendly.
Safer to use.
Reduces the tome of switching due to automation.
Requires least maintenance.
Can be used in rotor controls.

APPLICATIONS
ROBOTIC CONTROLS.
SWING MACHINES.
ELECTRONIC BIKES.
WINDING MACHINES.
DC OPERATED DRILL MACHINES.
CNC MACHINES.
MOBILE AIR CONDITION FANS.
TOYS.
ELCTRONIC DOOR CONTROLLERS.

ELECTRONIC CHAIRS(beauty parlor etc.)

CIRCUIT OVERVIEW

CIRCUIT OVERVIEW

CONCLUSION
We have achieved the required speed And also we display
this on LCD display.
Our aim of this project, we have achieved the speed control
of DC motor.

THANK YOU

QUERIES ?