Professional Documents
Culture Documents
J.B. Watson:
Emphasized the overriding importance of the
environmental events, rejecting covert
aspects of the individual. He claimed that all
behavior could be understood as a result of
learning. (Nature vs. Nurture)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Ivan Pavlov
OPERANT CONDITIONING
B.F. Skinner
Overt Behavior:
Actions that can be directly observed by
others.
Positive reinforcement:
The process by which the introduction of a
stimulus has a consequence of a behavior
that increases the likelihood that the behavior
will be performed.
Shaping:
Gradually reinforcing certain parts of a
behavior to more closely approximate the
desired behavior.
Generalization:
Transferring the response from one type of
stimuli to similar stimuli.
Discrimination:
Responding differentially to stimuli that are
similarly based on different cues or
antecedent events.
Extinction:
The process of no longer presenting a
reinforcement. It is used to decrease or
eliminate certain behaviors.
Albert Bandura:
Believed behavior was based on three
interacting systems;
a) external stimulus,
b) external reinforcement, and
most importantly,
c) cognitive mediational processes.
Reciprocal Determinism:
Psychological functioning involves a
reciprocal interaction among three
interlocking sets of influences: behavior,
cognitive processes, and environmental
factors.
Observational learning:
A type of learning is which people are
influenced by observing the behaviors of
others.
Covert behavior:
Behavior that others cannot directly perceive,
such as thinking or feeling.
Attentional processes:
The act of perceiving or watching something
and learning from it.
Retention processes:
This basically refers to remembering that
which has been observed.
Motor reproduction processes: This refers to
translating what one has seen into action
using motor skills.
Motivational processes:
For observations to be put into action and
then continued for some time, reinforcement
must be present. Reinforcement brings about
motivation.
Self-Efficacy: The individuals perceptions of
their ability to deal with different types of
events.
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MODELING TECHNIQUES
The therapists role is also modeling behavior
for the client.
Relationship between
Therapist and Client
Live modeling:
Symbolic modeling:
Role-playing:
Participant modeling:
Covert modeling: