Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SYNTAX
(1) In linguistics, the study of the rules that govern the
ways in which words combine to form phrases, clauses,
and sentences. Syntax is one of the major components
of grammar.
Chapter 9. Wh-Clauses
Chapter 10. Non-finite Clauses
Chapter 11. Languages, Sentences, and Grammars.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
CONSTITUENTS
1. What is a structure?
Ex: an organization.
5.The relationship or organization of the component parts of a
work of art or literature:
ILL-FORMED (UNGRAMMATICAL)
1.) The nevertheless procrastinate foxtrot.
wheel
wheel
frame
chain
handlebars
Bicycle Wheel
Bicycle Spoke
*What do sentences
consist of?
[4]
[5]
old
Sam sunbathed
beside a
stream
[6]
[7]
[3a]
Tree-Diagram
Bicycle
wheel
spoke spoke
[3b]
Bicycle
wheel
spoke
spoke
ESTABLISHING CONSTITUENTS
[4][5] OLD SAM SUNBATHED BESIDE A STREAM.
[10] Old Sam sunbathed beside a
[11] Old Sam sunbathed beside
[12] Old Sam sunbathed
[13] Old Sam
[14] Old
[15] Martha smiled.
[16] Martha smiled invitingly.
Syntax
Structure
Sentence
structure
Constituent
Ill-formed
Phrase
(ungrammatical)
PHRASES
[25a]
PHRASE
[25b]
PHRASE
PHRASE
beside a stream
beside a stream
[25c]
PHRASE
PHRASE
beside a
stream
PHRASE-a
beside
PHRASE-b
[35]
PHRASE-a
PHRASEb
PHRASE-c
LET US TRY!!!
A
B
D
a
C
F
E
b
1.) A?
2.) B?
3.) C?
the ministry.
SENTENCE
ducks
paddle
[6] [The mouth-watering duck on the table] [wont be paddling away again].
The sentences were divided into two divisions 1.) Subject and 2.) Predicate.
Turn the sentence into a question that can be answered by yes or no.
[7]
[8]
[9]
All the SUBJECTS we have looked at have one thing in common: they all contain,
and are centered on, the same CATEGORY of word, which is a NOUN.
The phrases functioning as PREDICATES, on the other hand, all contain, and are
centered on, a VERB.
NP
The ducks
VP
are paddling away.
single node, as is the case with B and C in [35], they are said to be sisters.
[35]
A
B
their
rather
dubious
jokes
beside
PHRASE-b
a
stream
a. Her memory for names and dates was a constant source of amazement to him.
f. The fact that you received no birthday greetings from Mars doesnt mean
that it is uninhabited.