FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LESSON PLAN
CHE433THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS
CHE 433

CLASS POLICY
2014 SEPT- DEC

CONTENT

Subject & lecturer

Prerequisite knowledge/skills & reference (s)
Subject Objectives & Outcomes
Etymologically Syllabus
Assessment & Grading
Class Attendance Policy
Academic Dishonesty
References

Subject & Lecturer

Lecturer

JEFRI JAAPAR
FKK. UITM
Phone: 03 55448201@0192770247
E-mail: jefrijaapar@salam.uitm.edu.my
Room : Level 10

Class Hours:

Lecture

Prerequisite Knowledge/Skills & Reference (s)

Prerequisite course
nil

Major Reference (s) & others related materials

TEXT BOOK
-nil-

REFERENCES

TEXT BOOK USED

Cengel Y.A. and Roles M.A, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007.

REFERENCES

J. M-Smith and Van Ness, Introduction to Chemical engineering Thermodynamics, 6th

Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004.

R.E. Sonntag, C. Borgnakke and G.J. Van Wylen, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6th
edition, John Wiley & Sons, new York, 2003.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
1

Ability to acquire and apply the knowledge of basic sciences, mathematics and engineering
fundamentals to solve chemical engineering problems.

Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solution in engineering

Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.

Ability to utilize modern engineering tools, components and systems

Ability to utilize a systems approach and evaluate operational performance

Ability to acquire in-depth technical knowledge in chemical engineering principles

Ability to communicate effectively, not only with engineers but also with the community at
large

Understanding the importance of safety, health and the environment including sustainable
development

Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a group with the capacity to be a leader
or manager as well as an effective team member

10

Nurture entrepreneurship in engineering related businesses

11

Recognize the importance of social, cultural and global contemporary issues and
professional ethics in engineering practice.

12

Recognize the need to undertake lifelong learning and possess/acquire the capacity to do
so.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES: STATEMENTS DESCRIBING THE KNOWLEDGE

SKILLS AND ATTITUDE ACQUIRED UPON GRADUATION

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO)

To produce graduates who are capable to carry out chemical
engineering tasks as an individual or a team member

To produce graduates who are capable to undertake R & D

related activities
To produce graduates who possess effective communication
skills, leadership quality & entrepreneurship.
To produce graduates who recognize the importance of life
long learning and are aware of contemporary global issues.
PROGRAM EDUACTIONAL OBJECTIVES : STATEMENTS DESCRIBING THE KNOWLEDGE SKILLS
AND ATTITUDE ACQUIRED 3-5 YEARS AFTER GRADUATION

COURSE NAME
:
COURSE CODE
PROGRAM
SEMESTER
CREDIT HOURS
CONTACT HOURS
COURSE STATUS
PRE-REQUISITE

THERMODYNAMICS
:
CHE 433/483
:
EH220/EH221/EH222/EH223
:
1
:
3
:
4
:
CORE
:
NIL

SYNOPSIS
Thermodynamic is commonly encountered in many
engineering system. This course covers the knowledge
of science of energy especially the aspect of heat and
power interaction, energy and energy transformation and
relationship among the properties of matter. Student will
be equipped with the conversation of energy principle,
the first law and the second law of thermodynamic.
Other topics include the properties of pure substance,
application of the first and second law of thermodynamics
in open and closed system, heat engines, entropy,
Carnot and Rankine cycles-and etc.

OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
apply the basic concepts of engineering thermodynamics
apply the First law and Second Law of thermodynamics
and other related properties of the systems to solve engineering
thermodynamics problems
discuss partial derivatives and Maxwell's Relationship
analyze vapor power cycles and their-efficiencies
apply the concept of ideal and real gases to solve
thermodynamics problems.

WEEK

2 and 3

3 and 4

5 and 6

CHAPTER
Introduction to Thermodynamics
Definition of system, boundary and
surroundings, Non-flow and flow
processes, Intensive and extensive
properties and Thermodynamics state
Properties of Pure Substances
Equilibrium of pure substance, phase
change process, property diagrams,
P-v-T surface and property tables
Heat and Work
Definitions, types and units, work in open
and closed systems and sign convention
First Law of Thermodynamics
Introduction to the principles of energy
conservation, Potential, kinetic, internal
energies, heat and work, The first law
statement, specific heat, enthalpy
Thermodynamics of flow processes
Throttling, nozzles, compressors,
diffusers, turbine
Test 1 on Chapter 1 to 4

ACTIVITIES
Read Chapter l
and
2/
Lecture notes and
tutorials
Read Chapter 3/
Lecture notes and
tutorials
Read Chapter 4/
Lecture notes and
tutorials
Read Chapter 2
and 5/ Lecture
notes and tutorials

Read Chapter 5/
Lecture notes and
tutorials
Test 1

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Introduction, heat engines, refrigerators

Read Chapter 6/
Lecture notes and
tutorials

heat pumps, reversible and

8 and 9

irreversible processes; Carnot cycle,

Carnot principles, Thermodynamic

temperature Scale; Carnot heat engine,

10 and 11

11 and 12

heat pump and refrigerators.

Entropy
The concept of entropy, increase of
entropy principle, property diagrams
involving entropy, T-ds relation; entropy
change of pure substances, pure solids
and liquids, ideal gases.
Maxwell's Relationships
Derivation of partial derivatives and
Applications of Maxwell's Relationships

Read Chapter 7/
Lecture notes and
tutorials

Read Chapter 12/

Lecture notes and
tutorials

12 and 13

13 and 14

Vapor Cycles
Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle (effects of P
and T on Rankine cycle) and reheat.

Read Chapter 9/
Lecture notes and
tutorials

Ideal and Real Gases

Read Chapter 13/

Lecture notes and
tutorials
Test 2

Ideal and Real Gases, equation of States,

Properties of-Ideal Gases Mixture,
Volume and gravimetric analysis.

Assessment & Grading

Final class grade will be based on:
2 tests

30%

1 Final

60%

Mini Projects

5 %

Quiz/Assignment etc

5 %

Total

100%

Assessment & Grading

Grading policy:

Only neatly written problems will be graded

A correct answer without a correct outline of the work will
not carry any grade
All incorrect work must be clearly crossed out on the page
In cases where more than one solution is presented for a
problem, the solution with the less errors will be graded
Each solution must have proper units
Makeups will be given only under extreme reason. It is
expected that the student will contact the instructor
sufficiently in advance of an exam or have sufficient reason
that they could not do so

Class Attendance Policy

Each student is compulsory (100%) to attend all classes including
lectures, tutorials, laboratories, and fieldwork for each registered class,
including the first class session, in order to verify registration with
instructors, and to complete all work assigned for the course.
If students do not attend 20% of the classes and do not give prior
notification to the instructor of reasons for absence and intent to
attend the class, the student shall be bar from the final exam.
Instructors of courses are not obligated to provide make-up
opportunities for students who are absent, unless the absence has been
officially approved. An officially approved absence, however, merely
gives the individual who missed the class an opportunity to make up
the work and in no way excuses him from the work.

Academic Dishonesty

Statement on Academic Dishonesty:

Cheating on exams and plagiarism in the preparation of homework

will be considered unacceptable conduct. Academic sanctions will be
taken against all parties involved in the act of cheating and/or
plagiarism. A student participating in the act of cheating and/or
plagiarism will receive a failing grade in this class.
The following illustrates major four forms of academic dishonesty:
1. Plagiarism, e.g. the submission of work that is not one's own or for
which other credit has been obtained.
2. The altering or falsification of laboratory data.
3. Improper collaboration in group work.
4. Copying or using unauthorized aids in tests and examinations.

 Violation of academic integrity

First offense: zero score for the test
Second offense: failure of the course

Homework and tutorial

One of the best ways to learn something is
through practice and repetition
Therefore, homework assignments are
extremely important in this class!
Homework sets will be carefully designed,
challenging, and comprehensive. If you study
and understand the homework, you should
not have to struggle with the exams
Your homework must be neat and
presentable.
No late homework will be accepted.

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles
McGraw-Hill, 2008

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND
BASIC CONCEPTS

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Objectives
Identify the unique vocabulary associated with
thermodynamics through the precise definition of
basic concepts to form a sound foundation for the
development of the principles of thermodynamics.
Review the metric SI and the English unit systems.

Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such

as system, state, state postulate, equilibrium,
process, and cycle.
Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales,
pressure, and absolute and gage pressure.
Introduce an intuitive systematic problem-solving
technique.
21

THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY

Thermodynamics: The science of
energy.
Energy: The ability to cause changes.

The name thermodynamics stems from

the Greek words therme (heat) and
dynamis (power).
Conservation of energy principle:
During an interaction, energy can change
from one form to another but the total
amount of energy remains constant.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
The first law of thermodynamics: An
expression of the conservation of energy
principle.
The first law asserts that energy is a
thermodynamic property.

Energy cannot be created

or destroyed; it can only
change forms (the first law).
22

 The second law of thermodynamics:

It asserts that energy has quality as
well as quantity, and actual processes
occur in the direction of decreasing
quality of energy.
Classical thermodynamics: A
macroscopic approach to the study of
thermodynamics that does not require
a knowledge of the behavior of
individual particles.

Conservation of energy
principle for the human body.

It provides a direct and easy way to the

solution of engineering problems and it
is used in this text.
Statistical thermodynamics: A
microscopic approach, based on the
average behavior of large groups of
individual particles.
It is used in this text only in the
supporting role.

Heat flows in the direction of

decreasing temperature.

23

Application Areas of Thermodynamics

24

IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

Any physical quantity can be characterized by
dimensions.
The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions
are called units.

Some basic dimensions such as mass m,

length L, time t, and temperature T are
selected as primary or fundamental
dimensions, while others such as velocity V,
energy E, and volume V are expressed in
terms of the primary dimensions and are
called secondary dimensions, or derived
dimensions.
Metric SI system: A simple and logical
system based on a decimal relationship
between the various units.
English system: It has no apparent
systematic numerical base, and various units
in this system are related to each other rather
arbitrarily.

25

Some SI and English Units

Work = Force Distance

1 J = 1 Nm
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ

The SI unit prefixes are used in all

branches of engineering.

The definition of the force units.

26

W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration
A body weighing
60 kgf on earth
will weigh only 10
kgf on the moon.

The relative magnitudes of the force

units newton (N), kilogram-force
(kgf), and pound-force (lbf).
The weight of a unit
mass at sea level.

27

Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.

Unity Conversion Ratios

All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as

Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and

are unitless, and thus such ratios (or their inverses)
can be inserted conveniently into any calculation to
properly convert units.

To be dimensionally
homogeneous, all the
terms in an equation
must have the same unit.

28

SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES

System: A quantity of matter or a region
in space chosen for study.
Surroundings: The mass or region
outside the system
Boundary: The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its
surroundings.
The boundary of a system can be fixed or
movable.
Systems may be considered to be closed
or open.
Closed system
(Control mass):
A fixed amount
of mass, and no
mass can cross
its boundary.
29

 Open system (control volume): A properly

selected region in space.
It usually encloses a device that involves
mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or
nozzle.
Both mass and energy can cross the
boundary of a control volume.
Control surface: The boundaries of a control
volume. It can be real or imaginary.

An open system (a
control volume) with one
inlet and one exit.

30

PROPERTIES
OF A SYSTEM
Property: Any characteristic of a
system.
Some familiar properties are
pressure P, temperature T, volume
V, and mass m.
Properties are considered to be
either intensive or extensive.
Intensive properties: Those that
are independent of the mass of a
system, such as temperature,
pressure, and density.
Extensive properties: Those
whose values depend on the size
or extentof the system.
Criterion to differentiate intensive
Specific properties: Extensive
and extensive properties.
properties per unit mass.
31

DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Density

Specific volume

Specific gravity: The ratio

of the density of a
substance to the density of
some standard substance
at a specified temperature
(usually water at 4C).
Specific weight: The
weight of a unit volume
of a substance.

Density is
mass per unit
volume;
specific volume
is volume per
unit mass.
32

STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM

Thermodynamics deals with

equilibrium states.
Equilibrium: A state of balance.
In an equilibrium state there are no
unbalanced potentials (or driving
forces) within the system.
Thermal equilibrium: If the
temperature is the same throughout
the entire system.
Mechanical equilibrium: If there is
no change in pressure at any point
of the system with time.
Phase equilibrium: If a system
involves two phases and when the
mass of each phase reaches an
equilibrium level and stays there.
Chemical equilibrium: If the
chemical composition of a system
does not change with time, that is,
no chemical reactions occur.

A system at two different states.

A closed system reaching thermal

equilibrium.

33

The State Postulate

The number of properties
required to fix the state of a
system is given by the state
postulate:
The state of a simple
compressible system is
completely specified by
two independent,
intensive properties.
Simple compressible
system: If a system involves
no electrical, magnetic,
gravitational, motion, and
surface tension effects.

The state of nitrogen is

fixed by two independent,
intensive properties.
34

PROCESSES AND CYCLES

Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to
another.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a process.
To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final states,
as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings.
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process: When a process proceeds in such
a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state
at all times.

35

Process diagrams plotted by

employing thermodynamic properties
as coordinates are very useful in
visualizing the processes.
Some common properties that are
used as coordinates are temperature
T, pressure P, and volume V (or
specific volume v).
The prefix iso- is often used to
designate a process for which a
particularproperty remains constant.
Isothermal process: A process
during which the temperature T
remains constant.
Isobaric process: A process during
which the pressure P remains
constant.
Isochoric (or isometric) process: A
process during which the specific
volume v remains constant.
Cycle: A process during which the
initial and final states are identical.

The P-V diagram of a compression

process.

36

The Steady-Flow Process

The term steady implies no

change with time. The
opposite of steady is
unsteady, or transient.
A large number of
engineering devices operate
for long periods of time
under the same conditions,
and they are classified as
steady-flow devices.
Steady-flow process: A
process during which a fluid
flows through a control
volume steadily.
Steady-flow conditions can
be closely approximated by
devices that are intended for
continuous operation such
as turbines, pumps, boilers,
condensers, and heat
exchangers or power plants
or refrigeration systems.

During a steadyflow process, fluid

properties within
the control
volume may
change with
position but not
with time.

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass

and energy contents of a control volume
remain constant.

37

TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS
The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can
be restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the
same temperature reading even if they are not in contact.

Two bodies reaching

thermal equilibrium
after being brought
into contact in an
isolated enclosure.

38

Temperature Scales

P versus T plots

All temperature scales are based on

of the
some easily reproducible states such as
experimental
the freezing and boiling points of water:
data obtained
the ice point and the steam point.
from a constantIce point: A mixture of ice and water
volume gas
that is in equilibrium with air saturated
with vapor at 1 atm pressure (0C or
thermometer
32F).
using four
different gases
Steam point: A mixture of liquid water
and water vapor (with no air) in
at different (but
equilibrium at 1 atm pressure (100C or low) pressures.
212F).
Celsius scale: in SI unit system
Fahrenheit scale: in English unit
system
Thermodynamic temperature scale: A
temperature scale that is independent of
the properties of any substance.
Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)
A temperature scale nearly identical to
the Kelvin scale is the ideal-gas
temperature scale. The temperatures
on this scale are measured using a
A constant-volume gas thermometer would
constant-volume gas thermometer.
39
read 273.15C at absolute zero pressure.

Comparison of
temperature
scales.

Comparison of
magnitudes of
various
temperature
units.

The reference temperature in the original Kelvin scale was the ice point,
273.15 K, which is the temperature at which water freezes (or ice melts).
The reference point was changed to a much more precisely reproducible
point, the triple point of water (the state at which all three phases of water
coexist in equilibrium), which is assigned the value 273.16 K.

40

PRESSURE
68 kg

136 kg

Pressure: A normal force exerted

by a fluid per unit area
Afeet=300cm2

0.23 kgf/cm2

0.46 kgf/cm2

P=68/300=0.23 kgf/cm2

The normal stress (or pressure) on the

feet of a chubby person is much greater
than on the feet of a slim person.
Some
basic
pressure
gages.

41

 Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is

measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and
the local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are
calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage
pressure.
Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
Throughout
this text, the
pressure P
will denote
absolute
pressure
unless
specified
otherwise.

42

Pascals law: The pressure applied to a

confined fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount.

The area ratio A2/A1 is

called the ideal mechanical
advantage of the hydraulic
lift.

Lifting of a large weight

by a small force by the
application of Pascals
law.

43

PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Step 1: Problem Statement
Step 2: Schematic
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
Step 4: Physical Laws
Step 5: Properties
Step 6: Calculations
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
EES (Engineering Equation Solver) (Pronounced as ease):
EES is a program that solves systems of linear or nonlinear
algebraic or differential equations numerically. It has a large
library of built-in thermodynamic property functions as well as
mathematical functions. Unlike some software packages, EES
does not solve engineering problems; it only solves the equations
supplied by the user.

44

express the energy unit J (joule)

in terms of SI base units and
convert 1 joule to english unit,

express the energy unit J (joule)

in terms of SI base units and
convert 1 joule to english unit,

The mass of air in a room 3 X 5 X 20 m is

known to be 350 kg. Determine the density,
specific volume, and specific weight.

The mass of air in a room 3 X 5 X 20 m is

known to be 350 kg. Determine the density,
specific volume, and specific weight.

Identify which of the following are extensive

properties and which are intensive
properties:
( a )a 10-m3 volume,
( b )30 J of kinetic energy,
( c ) a pressure of 90 kPa,
( d )a stress of 1000 kPa,
( e ) a mass of 75 kg, and
( f ) a velocity of 60 m/s..

Identify which of the following are extensive properties and which

are intensive properties:
( a )a 10-m3 volume,
( b )30 J of kinetic energy,
( c ) a pressure of 90 kPa,
( d )a stress of 1000 kPa,
( e ) a mass of 75 kg, and
( f ) a velocity of 60 m/s..

Determine the force necessary to accelerate a

mass of 20 lbm at a rate of 60 ft/sec2 vertically
upward.

Determine the force necessary to accelerate a

mass of 20 lbm at a rate of 60 ft/sec2 vertically
upward.

Summary

Thermodynamics and energy

Application areas of thermodynamics

Importance of dimensions and units

Some SI and English units, Dimensional homogeneity,
Unity conversion ratios

Systems and control volumes

Properties of a system
Density and specific gravity
State and equilibrium
The state postulate

Processes and cycles

The steady-flow process

Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics

Temperature scales

Pressure
Variation of pressure with depth

The manometer and the atmospheric pressure

Problem solving technique

57