Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Raisa Cababa
1. chemical stability
2. solubility of the drug
3. patients comfort
BUFFER SYSTEMS
are pair of related chemical compounds
capable of resisting large changes in the pH of
a solution
Composed of a weak acid and its salt or weak
base and its salt.
Exhibit chemical stability
Avoid volatile species like ammonia and
carbon dioxide
SODIUM BORATE NF 26
Synonyms:
Borax
Sodium Pyroborate
Sodium Tetraborate
Tinkal
Properties:
Colorless
Transparent crystals
Compound is odorless and effloresces in warm,dry
air
Soluble in water and glycerin
Insoluble in alcohol
Its aqueous solutions are alkaline to
phenolphtalein
SODIUM BORATE
Used or formed in situ as the alkaline
member of the borate buffer system
Has the same toxicity as boric acid
Hydrolyzed to boric acid in aqueous
solution
Uses:
Best eyewash when acids happen to enter the
mucosa
Used in collyria
One of the components of mouthwashes and oral
preparetions
Powder to ulcers in the mouth
Weak bacterostatic agent
Forms borax soap which serves as emulsifying agent
for cold cream USP and Rose Water Oinment NF
ANTIOXIDANTS
Alec Bernardo
EXAMPLES
Hypophosphorous acid NF 26
Sulfurous Anhydride
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium Metabisulfite NF 26
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID NF
26
Properties
Colorless or yellow and odorless liquid
Contains n.l.t 30% and n.m.t 32% HPH O
Has a spec. grav. Of 1.13 @ 25 C
Pure acid is syrupy colorless liquid
2
Solid at 17 C
Melts at 26 C
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID NF 26
Uses
Prevents formulation of free iodine in Diluted
Hydriodic Acid and Syrup
Prevents formulation of both ferric ions and
moleular iodine
Salts
Preservatives (ammonium hypophosphate)
SODIUM BISULFITE
Synonyms: Sodium Hydrogen Sulfite, Sodium Acid
Sulfite, Leucogen
Properties
White or yellowish white crystals
Or granular powder
Garlic odor gas
N.L.T 57.5%
N.M.T. 67.4%
Unstable in air, giving off SO2
SODIUM BISULFITE
Uses
Used in almost all commercial wines to
prevent oxidation and preserve flavor
It can efficiently remove traces or excess
amounts of chlorine, bromine, iodine
SODIUM METABISULFITE NF 26
Properties
White crystal or yellow crystalline powder
Garlic odor gas
Contain an amount of Na2S2O5 equivalent to N.L.T
66% and N.M.T. 67% of SO2
SODIUM METABISULFITE NF 26
Uses
Found in acidic solutions of drug that
contains phenol
Prevents oxidation of the compounds to quinones
NITROGEN NF 26
Properties:
Colorless gas
Inert gas
Non flammable
Usually solid in black cylinders
NITROGEN NF 26
Uses
Used to replace air in containers
Inter atmosphere
Retard oxidation inoxidation sensitive
products
Olive Oil, Cod liver oil
WATER
Juli-Anne Balais
PROPERTIES
Tasteless, odorless, clear liquid, colorless in
small quantities but greenish blue in deep layer
Has ability to form hydrogen bonds with other
water molecules or other electronegative or
positive ions or molecules
HARDNESS OF WATER
Due to the presence of varying amounts of calcium, iron and/or
magnesium salts which convert ordinary soap into water
insoluble calcium, iron and /or magnesium salts of fatty acid
May be temporary or permanent
Temporary hardness (bicarbonate hardness)- caused by the
presence in the water of calcium or magnesium bicarbonates
Permanent hardness- caused by the presence in solution of
sulfates, chloride or hydroxides of calcium and/or magnesium
OFFICIAL WATERS
GLASS
Angelica Balisi
TYPE I
Borosilicate glass
High degree of hydrolytic stability due to its
chemical composition.
Suited for:
Injectible products with acid
Neutral or slightly alkaline pH
Buffered aqueous solution below pH 7.0
Package water for injection, chemicals,
sensitive lab samples
TYPE II
Treated soda-lime glass
Calcium-soda glass
When treated properly, can
reach the hydrolytic stability of
type I
Suited for:
Holding acid preparations
Holding neutral
preparations
TYPE III
Soda-lime glass
Used for dry powder and oily solution
Low alkaline content and high hydrolytic
resistance.
Not intended for pharmaceutical use
Suited for:
Packages for non-aqueous
preparations or in powder for
parenteral use
Non-parenteral preparations
Normally dry sterilized before being filled
Examples: Wheaton 800 and 900.
TYPE NP
General Soda-lime glass
Suitable for:
Capsules
Tablets
Topical products
Intended for packaging nonparenteral articles such as those
intended for oral or topical use
Examples : Wheaton 810 and 910.
TYPES OF CONTAINERS
Clear
Preferred for dispensing
The patient likes to see what he/she is buying
The amount left in the bottle
The ease of pouring
TYPES OF CONTAINERS
Opaque
The superior light
protective container
Except for ointments
Colored
QUESTIONS
HANGMAN
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