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4.1 Introduction
Supersonic flow over a corner.
1
sin
M
1
Mach angle
(stronger disturbances)
Given :
V1 , 1 ,
Find :
V2 , 2 ...,
or
Given :
V1 , 1 ,
Find :
V2 , 2 ...,
Galilean Invariance : 1 2
1u1 A1 2u2 A2 0
A1 A2
1u1 2u2
u
)
Momentum eq : ( u ds )u
d
f
d
pd
s
s
parallel to the shock
1u1 1 2u2 2 0 1 2
The tangential component of the flow velocity is
preserved across an oblique shock wave
Normal to the shock
( 1u1)u1 2u2 u2 P1 P2
P1 1u12 P2 2u22
Energy eq :
Q Wshaft Wviscous Pu ds ( f u )d
s
u2
u2
[ (e )]d (e )u ds
2
2
t
s
2
2
u1
u2
( P1u1 P2u2 ) 1 (e1
)u1 2 (e2
)u2
2
2
2
2
u
u
2
2
h 1 h 2
u
1
1
1
1 2 2 2
u12
u22
h1 h2
2
2
The changes across an oblique shock wave are governed by the normal
component of the free-stream velocity.
Mn1 M 1 sin
For a calorically perfect gas
2
1Mn12
1 1Mn12 2
P2
2
1
Mn12 1
P1
1
Mn12 2
1
Mn22
2
Mn 2 1
1 1
M2
and
T2 P2 1
T1 P1 2
Mn2
sin
Special case
normal shock
tan
and
u1
tan
u2
tan
u1 2
1Mn12
1M12 sin 2
2
tan u2 1 1Mn1 2 1M12 sin 2 2
M 12 sin 2 1
tan 2 cot 2
cos
2
2
1
relation
For =1.4
(transparancy
or Handout)
Note :
1. For any given M1 there is a maximum deflection angle
If
m ax
m ax
2. If
m ax
max
3. 0
4. For a fixed
or
M 1
M 1
Finally, there is a M1 below which no solutions are possible
shock detached
5. For a fixed M1
Ex 4.1
, P2 , T2 and 2 , M 2
m ax Shock detached
2 , T2 are lower
c.f
Shock polar
Increases to
V2
(stronger shock)
max
Nondimensionalize Vx and Vy by a*
(Sec 3.4, a*1=a*2 adiabatic )
*
*
Shock polar of all possible M 2 for a given M1
M2
M * 1
1
1
*
2
M
1
M*
2.45,
1
for
1 .4
M * 1
if
M
M1* 1 M 1
M1* 1 M 1
M * 1 M 1
M * Vx Vx M * 1
1
*
*
1
a
a
2
V
* 2
M 1 x* M 1* 1
1
a
2
Vy
*
a
M 2 M 1 2 1
(i.e. the reflected shock wave is not specularly reflected)
Ex 4.7
Wave interaction
(+)
(-)
Left-running Wave :
When standing at a point on
the waves and looking
downstream, you see the wave
running-off towards your left.
1.
2.
P4 P4'
V4
V4'
and
have
(the same direction.
In general they differ in magnitude. )
s4 s4 '
Dividing streamline EF
(slip line)
If 2 3
coupletely sysmuetric
no slip line
Assume
4'
and
are known
'
P4 & P4 are known
if
P4 P4'
solution
if
P4 P4'
Assume another
supersonic
Point A
sin
u1
V1
u1 a1
a1
V1
intersection
sin 1
Point C
sin 2
a2
V2
sin
Subsonic
u2
V2
u 2 a2
2
intersection
( m ax for M 1 ) ( m ax for M 2 )
A straight
oblique shock
A regular reflection is
not possible
Much reflection
m ax for M2
CFD is needed
Mn1 M 1i n P2 , 2 , T2 , h2 , Mn2
Immediately behind the shock at point A
Inside the shock layer , non uniform variation.
2.
P2
P1
1, 2
1, T2
T1
5. ds 0
i.e. The expansion is isentropic.
( Mach wave)
Consider the infinitesimal changes across a very weak wave.
(essentially a Mach wave)
is preserved.
V dV
cos
V
cos d
1
dV
dV
1
V
1 d tan
sin 1
V
tan
d M 2 1
tan
dV
V
as
1
M
1
M 2 1
d 0
2
d
1
M 2 M 2 1
V Ma
dV
V
dV
?
V
dV Mda adM
dV da dM
V
a
M
da
?
a
1 2
a T
0 0 1
M
a
T
2
2
1
2
dV
1
dM
1 2 M
V
1
M
2
2
1
d 2 0
let
vM
M2
M1
M 2 1 dM
1 2 M
1
M
2
M 2 1 dM
M
1 2 M
1
M
2
1 1 1 2
tan
M 1 tan 1 M 2 1
1
1
2 M 2 M 1
Have the same reference point
M 2 2 M1
M 22
T1
2
T2 1 1 M 2
1
2
1 2
1
M2
P1
2
P2 1 1 M 2
1
2