Perception

PERCEPTION

PERCEPTION

PERCEPTION

PERCEPTION

Perception
Perception may be defined as a process by
which individuals selects, organize and
interpret stimuli in order to give meaning to
their environment and create a meaningful
picture of the world.
It is a process through which a person selects
the data from the environment, organizes it
and obtains meaning from it.
It involves deciding which information to
notice, how to categorize this information and
how to interpret it within the framework of
existing knowledge.
7

Perceptual Process
Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,
Location,Size,contrast,
Movement,repetition,similarity
Internal factors : Learning,
needs,age,Interest,

Receiving Stimuli
(External & Internal)

Interpreting
Attribution ,Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, Projection

Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior

Organizing
Figure Background ,
Perceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)

Factors influencing Perception

Factors in the perceiver
Attitudes
Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectations

Factors in the situation

Time
Work Setting
Social Setting

Perception

Factors in the Target being perceived

Novelty
Motion
Sounds
Size
Background
Proximity
Similarity
9

Perceptual Process
Perceptual input:
-Stimuli

Perceptual Throughput:
-Receiving
-Selecting
-Organizing
-Interpreting

Perceptual Output
- Actions
10

Perceptual Inputs
- These are the stimulus
- Not the part of perceptual process but needed
to induce/initiate the process
- May be in the form of
- Events
- People
- Objects

11

Perceptual Mechanism
Perceptual Selectivity:

It is selection of stimuli among all available stimulus

Certain stimulus are screened out and others are admitted to
the awareness
There are factors that affect this selectivity

External Factors
Size
Intensity
Repetition
Novelty and Familiarity
Contrast
Motion
Internal Factors
Self Concept
Beliefs
Expectations
Inner Needs
Response Disposition: tendency to perceive familiar stimuli than
unfamiliar one
Response Salience: tendency to look at the stimulus from their
point of view.
Perceptual Defense

12

Perceptual Mechanism
Perceptual Organization
Manner in which the selected stimuli and information
are organized to make sense
Done on the principle of
Figure - Ground
Some stimuli treated as figures (focus area) and some as grounds
(kept in background)

Grouping:
Tendency to group similar stimuli into pattern
Proximity and Similarity

Simplification
Simplifying by subtracting and removing unnecessary information
overload to make it understandable

Closure
Gaps of incomplete information is filled by themselves on the
basis of past experiences, hunch, past data etc

Perceptual Mechanism
- Interpretation of Stimuli:
o It is affected by
Factors in Perceiver

Personality : Projecting self personality in others, self-fulfilling

Mental Set: Mental set up about things/situation/people
First Impression: based on first impression
Halo Effect: tendency to draw conclusion/impression on the
basis of a single characteristic
Anchoring affect: tendency to draw conclusion/impression on
the basis of past events
Stereotyping: judging on ones perception of the group to
which the other person belong

Factors in Person Perceived

Status:
Visibility of Traits : How visible these traits are?
14

Situational Factors

Applications of Perception

15

Employee Selection
Performance Expectations
Performance Appraisal
Interpersonal Relationships