Introduction

to
Career and Vocational
Counseling
Chapter 1
Dr. Bill Bauer
Marietta College
Educ 682

Why have Career

Development Services?

Gallup poll 1999 (National Career

Development Association).
1 in 10 adults need career assistance
17 million people need help finding jobs
81% of people minimally satisfied with job
Only 4 of of 10 have jobs because of a

conscious plan.

Where are the others?

More facts from NCDA

The higher the education level the more conscious

the plan.
Now digital divide plays a role.
More people who use internet are using job resources.

Non-whites are use assistance in job markets than

whites.
Adults seem unclear about the impact of a global
economy in the future.
Impact of Sept.1lth took at toll on the job outlook.
Why?

Facts from General

Accounting Offices (GAO)

School to Work issues.

1/3 of (16 to 24 year olds) to not have skills

they need to perform entry level semi-skilled

jobs.
GAO asked Congress to assist in helping noncollege bound students.
More than half the students in high school leave
school without the knowledge of how to find
and hold a good job.

AARP impact

Less than of people 65-74 call themselves

retired.
Most return to work because of boredom or
financial reasons.
What is the overall impact of older Americans

working?
Issues

Age discrimination
Technology training issues
Adapted Technology issues
Never been involved in a search for a job.

Historical Impact of Career

Development (highlights)

1895 vocational guidance-George Merril

1905 Parsons developed Breadwinners
Institute for immigrants and youth in
Boston.
1917 First Group Intelligence test used by
the Army called the ARMY Alpha. Started
an explosion of testing.
1939 First DOT

Historical Impact of Career

Development (highlights) cont.

1957 National Defense Education Act-$ to to

train school counselors to support counselors.
This was the result of Americas fear to what?
1963 Vocational Education Act
1990 Americans with Disabilities Act
1994 School to Work Opportunities Act-$s for
schools who challenge children after identification
of career hopes.
1994 O*Net classification system from DOT
(hasnt really happened).

Politically Correct or
Career or vocational
choice-process of selecting a
Incorrect?
career
Vocation-rejected by psychologists as it is
associated as being called by God to do
something.
Work vs. job
Work-Puritans and poets (p.8)

Why people work?

Provides the person, and often the family, with status,
recognition, affiliation, and similar psychological and
sociological products for participation in a complex society.

Improvement of Self-Esteem-because you are producing

something other people value.
Unemployed People have poor self esteem.
Why?

Work and Education

Robot and information age Doing manual labor and we need to educate

how to operate the advanced technology.

National Alliance of Business- unsatisfied

with reading, writing and reasoning skills of
high school graduates.
What is the impact of this statistic?

Positivist and Post-Positivist

way of thinking.

Paradigm Shifts
4 areas

What we know will happen!

Work will change and will be dramatically

different in the future.
New jobs created and old ones eliminated.
More technological and less manual.

Academic Skills requirements will escalate.

People will change jobs and the types of
jobs they do.

What we know will happen!

(cont.)

Internet will replace job services and

information.
Training and retraining will become of
lifetime requirement.
Learning new skill via internet and intranet
will be the new way.
Decentralized locations in other countries
may be the norm.

What you talkin about?

Position-a group of tasks performed by an

individual.
Job-a group of similar positions in a single
business.
Occupation-group of similar jobs in several
businesses.
DOT (12,741 occupations listed)

Career (Sears, 1982 definition)-series of paid or

unpaid occupations or jobs that one hold
throughout his or her life.
Career Development lifelong process that
involves all factors that interact to influence career
development.

Career Definitions

Career Interventions (Spokane, 1991)- act aimed

at enhancing some aspect of a persons career
development, including the career decisionmaking process.
Such as Career:

Guidance
Counseling
Information
Education
Development
Coaching.

Career Guidance

Encompasses most strategies listed on

previous slide.
What are some of the traditional career

guidance tasks?

Career Education

(Hoyt,1977) Systematic attempt to influence the

career develop of students and adults through
various types of of educational strategies,
including providing:

Occupational information
Infusing career related information into the curriculum
Taking field trips
Having guest speakers
Classes devoted to study of careers
Internships
Labs that simulate career experiences

Career Counseling

Service provided to a single client or group

of clients who come seeking assistance with
career choice or career adjustment
problems.

Career Information

Labor market information (LMI),

particularly when it involves providing
comprehensive information about trends,
the industries in this country, or
comprehensive information systems.
Variety of formats:
Print, film, audiotape, internet
Occupational Outlook Handbook
O*Net, Occupational Information Network

Career Coaching

Facilitation of career development of

employees.
Identify work opportunities within the work

settings.